Implement Audio playback

.github/workflows/python-app.yml

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     env:
       DISPLAY: :0
+      SDL_AUDIODRIVER: "disk"
     steps:
     - name: Checkout
       uses: actions/checkout@v3

chip8/cpu.py

@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@
 """
 # I M P O R T S ###############################################################
 
+import numpy as np
+
 from pygame import key
+from pygame import mixer
+from pygame.mixer import Sound
 from random import randint
 
-from chip8.config import (
-    STACK_POINTER_START, KEY_MAPPINGS, PROGRAM_COUNTER_START
-)
+from chip8.config import STACK_POINTER_START, KEY_MAPPINGS, PROGRAM_COUNTER_START
 
 # C O N S T A N T S ###########################################################
 
@@ -28,6 +30,21 @@
     "64K": 65536,
 }
 
+# The minimum number of audio samples we want to generate. The minimum amount
+# of time an audio clip can be played is 1/60th of a second (the frequency
+# that the sound timer is decremented). Since we initialize the pygame
+# audio mixer to require 48000 samples per second, this means each 1/60th
+# of a second requires 800 samples. The audio pattern buffer is only
+# 128 bits long, so we will need to repeat it to fill at least 1/60th of a
+# second with audio (resampled at the correct frequency). To be safe,
+# we'll construct a buffer of at least 4/60ths of a second of
+# audio. We can be bigger than the minimum number of samples below, but
+# we don't want less than that.
+MIN_AUDIO_SAMPLES = 3200
+
+# The audio playback rate to use for Pygame mixer initialization
+PYGAME_AUDIO_PLAYBACK_RATE = 48000
+
 # C L A S S E S ###############################################################
 
 
@@ -91,8 +108,12 @@ def __init__(
         self.sp = STACK_POINTER_START
         self.index = 0
         self.rpl = [0] * NUM_REGISTERS
+
         self.pitch = 64
         self.playback_rate = 4000
+        self.audio_pattern_buffer = [0] * 16
+        self.sound_playing = False
+        self.sound_waveform = None
 
         self.bitplane = 1
 
@@ -164,6 +185,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.misc_routine_lookup = {
             0x00: self.index_load_long,                      # F000 - LOADLONG
             0x01: self.set_bitplane,                         # Fn01 - BITPLANE n
+            0x02: self.load_audio_pattern_buffer,            # F002 - AUDIO
             0x07: self.move_delay_timer_into_reg,            # Ft07 - LOAD Vt, DELAY
             0x0A: self.wait_for_keypress,                    # Ft0A - KEYD Vt
             0x15: self.move_reg_into_delay_timer,            # Fs15 - LOAD DELAY, Vs
@@ -184,6 +206,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.memory = bytearray(MEM_SIZE[mem_size])
         self.reset()
         self.running = True
+        mixer.init(frequency=PYGAME_AUDIO_PLAYBACK_RATE, size=8, channels=1)
 
     def __str__(self):
         val = f"PC:{self.last_pc:04X} OP:{self.operand:04X} "
@@ -945,6 +968,18 @@ def set_bitplane(self):
         self.bitplane = (self.operand & 0x0F00) >> 8
         self.last_op = f"BITPLANE {self.bitplane:01X}"
 
+    def load_audio_pattern_buffer(self):
+        """
+        F002 - AUDIO
+
+        Loads the 16-byte audio pattern buffer with 16 bytes from memory
+        pointed to by the index register.
+        """
+        for x in range(16):
+            self.audio_pattern_buffer[x] = self.memory[self.index + x]
+        self.calculate_audio_waveform()
+        self.last_op = f"AUDIO {self.index:04X}"
+
     def move_delay_timer_into_reg(self):
         """
         Fx07 - LOAD Vx, DELAY
@@ -1198,6 +1233,9 @@ def reset(self):
         self.rpl = [0] * NUM_REGISTERS
         self.pitch = 64
         self.playback_rate = 4000
+        self.audio_pattern_buffer = [0] * 16
+        self.sound_playing = False
+        self.sound_waveform = None
         self.bitplane = 1
 
     def load_rom(self, filename, offset=PROGRAM_COUNTER_START):
@@ -1221,6 +1259,51 @@ def decrement_timers(self):
         """
         self.delay -= 1 if self.delay > 0 else 0
         self.sound -= 1 if self.delay > 0 else 0
-
+        if self.sound > 0 and not self.sound_playing:
+            if self.sound_waveform:
+                self.sound_waveform.play(loops=-1)
+            self.sound_playing = True
+
+        if self.sound == 0 and self.sound_playing:
+            if self.sound_waveform:
+                self.sound_waveform.stop()
+            self.sound_playing = False
+
+    def calculate_audio_waveform(self):
+        """
+        Based on a playback rate specified by the XO Chip pitch, generate
+        an audio waveform from the 16-byte audio_pattern_buffer. It converts
+        the 16-bytes pattern into 128 separate bits. The bits are then used to fill
+        a sample buffer. The sample buffer is filled by resampling the 128-bit
+        pattern at the specified frequency. The sample buffer is then repeated
+        until it is at least MIN_AUDIO_SAMPLES long. Playback (if currently
+        happening) is stopped, the new waveform is loaded, and then playback
+        is starts again (if the emulator had previously been playing a sound).
+        """
+        # Convert the 16-byte value into an array of 128-bit samples
+        data = [int(bit) * 255 for bit in ''.join(f"{audio_byte:08b}" for audio_byte in self.audio_pattern_buffer)]
+        step = self.playback_rate / PYGAME_AUDIO_PLAYBACK_RATE
+        buffer = []
+
+        # Generate the initial re-sampled buffer
+        position = 0.0
+        while position < 128:
+            buffer.append(data[int(position)])
+            position += step
+
+        # Lengthen the buffer until it is at least MIN_AUDIO_SAMPLES long
+        while len(buffer) < MIN_AUDIO_SAMPLES:
+            buffer += buffer
+
+        # Stop playing any waveform if it is currently playing
+        if self.sound_playing and self.sound_waveform:
+            self.sound_waveform.stop()
+
+        # Generate a new waveform from the sample buffer
+        self.sound_waveform = Sound(np.array(buffer).astype(np.uint8))
+
+        # Start playing the sound again if we should be playing one
+        if self.sound_playing:
+            self.sound_waveform.play(loops=-1)
 
 # E N D   O F   F I L E ########################################################

requirements.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 pygame
 mock
 nose
-coverage
+coverage
+numpy