stage2: improve handling of the generated file builtin.zig

[andrewrk]

All Zig code is eligible to @import("builtin") which is mapped to a
generated file, build.zig, based on the target and other settings.

Zig invocations which share the same target settings will generate the
same builtin.zig file and thus the path to builtin.zig is in a shared
cache folder, and different projects can sometimes use the same file.

Before this commit, this led to race conditions where multiple
invocations of zig would race to write this file. If one process
wanted to read the file while the other process wrote the file, the
reading process could observe a truncated or partially written
builtin.zig file.

This commit makes the following improvements:

• limitations:
  • avoid clobbering the inode, mtime in the hot path
  • avoid creating a partially written file
  • builtin.zig needs to be on disk for debug info / stack trace purposes
  • don't mark the task as complete until the file is finished being populated
    (possibly by an external process)
• strategy:
  • create the @import("builtin") Module.File during the AstGen
    work, based on generating the contents in memory rather than
    loading from disk.
  • write builtin.zig in a separate task that doesn't have
    to complete until the end of the AstGen work queue so that it
    can be done in parallel with everything else.
  • when writing the file, first stat the file path. If it exists, we are done.
  • otherwise, write the file to a temp file in the same directory and atomically
    rename it into place (clobbering the inode, mtime in the cold path).
• summary:
  • all limitations respected
  • hot path: one stat() syscall that happens in a worker thread

This required adding a missing function to the standard library:
std.fs.Dir.statFile. In this commit, it does open() and then fstat()
which is two syscalls. It should be improved in a future commit to only
make one.

Fixes #9439.

[andrewrk]

If anyone who was experiencing the race condition wants to try this PR out, here is a build of this branch (cc @motiejus):

zig-linux-x86_64-0.9.0-dev.1914+00c8113c7.tar.xz

[matu3ba]

Whenever stat involved, a reason about TOCTOU should be added.
A detailed reasoning of what weird things can happen, if one only uses stat before open: https://unparalleled.eu/publications/2021/advisory-unpar-2021-0.txt
So this should at least argue, why it is fine to use stat here.