Update laplace signatures to have hessian_block_size before covariance function

[WardBrian]

See stan-dev/math#3286 (comment)

As per usual with these laplace functions, most of the diff is in the error messages and tests.

Also adds the generate_laplace_options helpers and restricts integrate_1d inside laplace (stan-dev/math#3280)

Submission Checklist

• Run unit tests
• Documentation
  • If a user-facing facing change was made, the documentation PR is here: update options for laplace docs#932
  • OR, no user-facing changes were made

Release notes

Updated signatures of the embedded laplace approximation functions.

Copyright and Licensing

By submitting this pull request, the copyright holder is agreeing to
license the submitted work under the BSD 3-clause license (https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 90.69767% with 4 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 90.31%. Comparing base (ae477a5) to head (5c62ad3).

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/frontend/Typechecker.ml	72.72%	3 Missing ⚠️
src/middle/UnsizedType.ml	66.66%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #1599      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   90.33%   90.31%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files          65       65              
  Lines       10028    10051      +23     
==========================================
+ Hits         9059     9078      +19     
- Misses        969      973       +4     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/frontend/Semantic_error.ml	95.90% <100.00%> (+0.17%)	⬆️
src/stan_math_signatures/Stan_math_signatures.ml	86.13% <ø> (ø)
src/middle/UnsizedType.ml	82.29% <66.66%> (+0.09%)	⬆️
src/frontend/Typechecker.ml	93.10% <72.72%> (-0.29%)	⬇️

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