Rust 1.30

_posts/2018-10-25-Rust-1.30.md

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+---
+layout: post
+title: "Announcing Rust 1.30"
+author: The Rust Core Team
+---
+
+The Rust team is happy to announce a new version of Rust, 1.30.0. Rust is a
+systems programming language focused on safety, speed, and concurrency.
+
+If you have a previous version of Rust installed via rustup, getting Rust
+1.30.0 is as easy as:
+
+```bash
+$ rustup update stable
+```
+
+If you don't have it already, you can [get `rustup`][install] from the
+appropriate page on our website, and check out the [detailed release notes for
+1.30.0][notes] on GitHub.
+
+[install]: https://www.rust-lang.org/install.html
+[notes]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/RELEASES.md#version-1300-2018-10-25
+
+## What's in 1.30.0 stable
+
+Rust 1.30 is an exciting release with a number of features. On Monday, expect another
+blog post asking you to check out Rust 1.31's beta; Rust 1.31 will be the first release
+of "Rust 2018." For more on that concept, please see our previous post
+["What is Rust 2018"](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2018/07/27/what-is-rust-2018.html).
+
+## Procedural Macros
+
+Way back in [Rust 1.15], we announced the ability to define "custom derives." For example,
+with `serde_json`, you could
+
+```rust
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)]
+struct Pet {
+    name: String,
+}
+```
+
+And convert a `Pet` to and from JSON because `serde_json` defined `Serialize` and
+`Deserialize` in a procedural macro.
+
+Rust expands on this by adding the ability to define two other kinds of
+advanced macros, "attribute-like procedrual macros" and "function-like
+procedural macros."
+
+Attribute-like macros are similar to custom derive macros, but instead of generating code
+for only the `#[derive]` attribute, they allow you to create new, custom attributes of
+your own. They're also more flexible: derive only works for structs and enums, but
+attributes can go on other places, like functions. As an example of using an
+attribute-like macro, you might have something like this when using a web application
+framework:
+
+```
+#[route(GET, "/")]
+fn index() {
+```
+
+This `#[route]` attribute would be defined by the framework itself, as a
+procedural macro. Its signature would look like this:
+
+```
+#[proc_macro_attribute]
+pub fn route(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+```
+
+Here, we have two input `TokenStreams`: the first is for the contents of the
+attribute itself, that is, the `GET, "/"` stuff. The second is the body of the
+thing the attribute is attached to, in this case, `fn index() {}` and the rest
+of the function's body.
+
+Function-like macros define macros that look like function calls. For
+example, an `sql!` macro:
+
+```rust
+let sql = sql!(SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id=1);
+```
+
+This macro would parse the SQL statement inside of it and check that it's
+syntactically correct. This macro would be defined like this:
+
+```
+#[proc_macro]
+pub fn sql(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+```
+
+This is similar to the derive macro's signature: we get the tokens that
+are inside of the parentheses and return the code we want to generate.
+
+### `use` and macros
+
+You can now [bring macros into scope with the `use` keyword][externmacro]. For example,
+to use `serde-json`'s `json` macro, you used to write:
+
+```rust
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate serde_json;
+
+let john = json!({
+    "name": "John Doe",
+    "age": 43,
+    "phones": [
+    "+44 1234567",
+    "+44 2345678"
+    ]
+});
+```
+
+But now, you'd write
+
+```rust
+extern crate serde_json;
+
+use serde_json::json;
+
+let john = json!({
+    "name": "John Doe",
+    "age": 43,
+    "phones": [
+    "+44 1234567",
+    "+44 2345678"
+    ]
+});
+```
+
+This brings macros more in line with other items and removes the need for
+`macro_use` annotations.
+
+[externmacro]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/50911/
+[Rust 1.15]: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2017/02/02/Rust-1.15.html
+
+## Module system improvements
+
+The module system has long been a pain point of new Rustaceans; several of
+its rules felt awkward in practice. These changes are the first steps we're
+taking to make the module system feel more straightforward.
+
+[`mod.rs` files are now optional][optionalmod]. Imagine we had a `foo`
+submodule with a `bar` submodule of its own. The directory layout would
+look like this:
+
+```text
+.
+├── src
+│   ├── foo
+│   │   └── mod.rs
+│   │   └── bar.rs
+│   └── lib.rs
+```
+
+In Rust 1.30, you can do this instead:
+
+```text
+.
+├── src
+│   ├── foo
+│   │   └── bar.rs
+│   ├── foo.rs
+│   └── lib.rs
+```
+
+This means that you'll no longer have plenty of tabs all named `mod.rs` in
+your IDE! It also eases the process of adding a submodule; before `bar`
+existed, the project would look like this:
+
+```text
+.
+├── src
+│   ├── foo.rs
+│   └── lib.rs
+```
+
+Many users found the need to move `foo.rs` into `foo/mod.rs` to be an
+unncessary, strage requirement. With the new layout, you create `src/foo`,
+put `bar.rs` in it, and you're done.
+
+[optionalmod]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/54072
+
+There's two changes to `use` as well, in addition to the aforementioned change for
+macros. The first is that you can now always [`use` an extern crate without
+`::`][nocoloncolon], that is:
+
+```rust
+// old
+let json = ::serde_json::from_str("...");
+
+// new
+let json = serde_json::from_str("...");
+```
+
+The trick here is that the 'old' style wasn't always needed, due to the way Rust's
+module system worked:
+
+```rust,ignore
+extern crate serde_json;
+
+fn main() {
+    // this works just fine; we're in the crate root, so `serde_json` is in
+    // scope here
+    let json = serde_json::from_str("...");
+}
+
+mod foo {
+    fn bar() {
+        // this doesn't work; we're inside the `foo` namespace, and `serde_json`
+        // isn't declared there
+        let json = serde_json::from_str("...");
+
+    }
+
+    // one option is to `use` it inside the module
+    use serde_json;
+
+    fn baz() {
+        // the other option is to use `::serde_json`, so we're using an absolute path
+        // rather than a relative one
+        let json = ::serde_json::from_str("...");
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Moving a function to a submodule and having your imports break was not a great
+experience. Now, `use` will check the first part of the path and see if it's an `extern
+crate`, and if it is, use it regardless of where you're at in the module hierarchy.
+
+[nocoloncolon]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/54404/
+
+Finally, [`use` also supports bringing items into scope with paths starting with
+`crate`][usecrate]:
+
+```rust
+mod foo {
+    pub fn bar() {
+        // ...
+    }
+}
+
+// old
+use ::foo::bar;
+// or
+use foo::bar;
+
+// new
+use crate::foo::bar;
+```
+
+The `crate` keyword at the start of the path indicates that you would like the path to
+start at your crate root. Previously, paths specified after `use` would always start at
+the crate root, but paths referring to items directly would start at the local path,
+meaning the behavior of paths was inconsistent:
+
+```rust
+mod foo {
+    pub fn bar() {
+        // ...
+    }
+}
+
+mod baz {
+    pub fn qux() {
+        // old
+        ::foo::bar();
+        // does not work, which is different than with `use`:
+        // foo::bar();
+
+        // new
+        crate::foo::bar();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Once this style becomes widely used, this will hopefully make absolute paths a bit more
+clear and remove some of the ugliness of leading `::`.
+
+All of these changes combined lead to a more straightforward understanding of how paths
+resolve. Wherever you see a path like `a::b::c` someplace other than a `use` statement,
+you can ask:
+
+* Is `a` the name of a crate? Then we're looking for `b::c` inside of it.
+* Is `a` the keyword `crate`? Then we're looking for `b::c` from the root of our crate.
+* Otherwise, we're looking for `a::b::c` from the current spot in the module hierarchy.
+
+The old behavior of `use` paths always starting from the crate root still applies. But
+after making a one-time switch to the new style, these rules will apply uniformly to
+paths everywhere, and you'll need to tweak your imports much less when moving code around.
+
+[usecrate]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/54404/
+
+## Raw Identifiers
+
+[You can now use keywords as identifiers][rawidents] with some new syntax:
+
+```rust
+// define a local variable named `for`
+let r#for = true;
+
+// define a function named `for`
+fn r#for() {
+    // ...
+}
+
+// call that function
+r#for();
+```
+
+This doesn't have many use cases today, but will once you are trying to use a Rust 2015
+crate with a Rust 2018 project and vice-versa because the set of keywords will be
+different in the two editions; we'll explain more in the upcoming blog post about
+Rust 2018.
+
+[rawidents]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/53236/
+
+## Other things
+
+Finally, you can [use the `#[panic_handler]`][panichandler] attribute to
+implement panics yourself, and you can now [match on visibility keywords,
+like `pub`, in macros][viskeyword] using the `vis` specifier.
+
+[panichandler]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/51366/
+[viskeyword]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/53370/
+
+See the [detailed release notes][notes] for more.
+
+### Library stabilizations
+
+A few new APIs were [stabilized for this
+release](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/RELEASES.md#stabilized-apis):
+
+* `Ipv4Addr::{BROADCAST, LOCALHOST, UNSPECIFIED}`
+* `Ipv6Addr::{BROADCAST, LOCALHOST, UNSPECIFIED}`
+* `Iterator::find_map`
+
+Additionally, the standard library has long had functions like `trim_left` to eliminate
+whitespace on one side of some text. However, when considering RTL languages, the meaning
+of "right" and "left" gets confusing. As such, we're introducing new names for these
+APIs:
+
+* `trim_left` -> `trim_start`
+* `trim_right` -> `trim_end`
+* `trim_left_matches` -> `trim_start_matches`
+* `trim_right_matches` -> `trim_end_matches`
+
+We plan to deprecate (but not remove, of course) the old names in Rust 1.33.
+
+See the [detailed release notes][notes] for more.
+
+### Cargo features
+
+The largest feature of Cargo in this release is that we now [have a progress
+bar!](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/pull/5995/)
+
+> GIF goes here
+
+See the [detailed release notes][notes] for more.
+
+## Contributors to 1.30.0
+
+Many people came together to create Rust 1.30. We couldn't have done it
+without all of you. [Thanks!](https://thanks.rust-lang.org/rust/1.30.0)