Add a generic chained_filter_controller (backport #1634)

[mergify]

This PR migrates and enhances the chained_filter_controller originally implemented during the ROSCon 2024 control workshop. The controller enables chaining and filtering of state interfaces through a sequence of filters.

Changes introduced:

1. Ported chained_filter_controller from workshop reference implementation.
2. Developed unit tests covering:
   • Initialization and lifecycle behavior.
   • Filter configuration and chaining.
   • Correct propagation of state values through the filter stack.

---

This is an automatic backport of pull request #1634 done by [Mergify](https://mergify.com).

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 92.35294% with 13 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 85.54%. Comparing base (61f26b1) to head (497d501).
⚠️ Report is 2 commits behind head on jazzy.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
chained_filter_controller/src/chained_filter.cpp	79.68%	9 Missing and 4 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##            jazzy    #1856      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   85.45%   85.54%   +0.08%     
==========================================
  Files         133      137       +4     
  Lines       12998    13169     +171     
  Branches     1129     1139      +10     
==========================================
+ Hits        11108    11265     +157     
- Misses       1534     1543       +9     
- Partials      356      361       +5     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	85.54% <92.35%> (+0.08%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...ned_filter_controller/test/test_chained_filter.cpp	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...oller/test/test_load_chained_filter_controller.cpp	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
...r_controller/test/test_multiple_chained_filter.cpp	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
chained_filter_controller/src/chained_filter.cpp	79.68% <79.68%> (ø)

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes

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