Add function definition notes for more call argument errors

[KevinRK29]

This PR helps improve error messages for call argument errors by adding a note that indicates where that called function is defined

• too few arguments
• missing named arguments
• too many arguments
• too many positional arguments

[github-actions]

Diff from mypy_primer, showing the effect of this PR on open source code:

prefect (https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect)
+ src/prefect/server/orchestration/rules.py:408: note: "validate_proposed_state" of "TaskOrchestrationContext" defined here
+ src/prefect/server/orchestration/rules.py:251: note: "validate_proposed_state" of "FlowOrchestrationContext" defined here
+ src/prefect/infrastructure/provisioners/__init__.py:47: note: "provision" of "Provisioner" defined here

pydantic (https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic)
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/annotationlib.pyi:48: note: "ForwardRef" defined here
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi:121: note: Called function defined here

starlette (https://github.com/encode/starlette)
+ starlette/concurrency.py:30: note: "run_in_threadpool" defined here

zulip (https://github.com/zulip/zulip)
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi:117: note: "Foo" defined here
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi:117: note: "CustomType" defined here

core (https://github.com/home-assistant/core)
+ .../projects/_core_venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/aiohttp/web_exceptions.py:90: note: "HTTPRedirection" defined here

steam.py (https://github.com/Gobot1234/steam.py)
+ steam/state.py:1623: note: "react_to_chat_message" of "ConnectionState" defined here
+ steam/state.py:1540: note: "ack_chat_message" of "ConnectionState" defined here
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi:117: note: "object" defined here

hydra-zen (https://github.com/mit-ll-responsible-ai/hydra-zen)
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_contextvars.pyi:58: note: "run" of "Context" defined here

urllib3 (https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3)
+ src/urllib3/__init__.py:117: note: "request" defined here

porcupine (https://github.com/Akuli/porcupine)
+ .../projects/_porcupine_venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/tree_sitter-stubs/binding.pyi:67: note: "Parser" defined here
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi:117: note: "Query" defined here

pandas (https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas)
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi:118: note: "__new__" of "object" defined here

ibis (https://github.com/ibis-project/ibis)
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi:117: note: "MapSet" defined here
+ ibis/common/grounds.py:195: note: "Value" defined here
+ ibis/expr/types/temporal_windows.py:32: note: "WindowedTable" defined here
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/functools.pyi:103: note: "__call__" of "_Wrapped" defined here
+ ibis/expr/operations/generic.py:169: note: "ScalarParameter" defined here
+ ibis/common/patterns.py:1512: note: "PatternList" defined here
+ ibis/common/grounds.py:128: note: "StringOp" defined here
+ ibis/common/grounds.py:128: note: "AnnSing" defined here
+ ibis/common/grounds.py:128: note: "SingAnn" defined here
+ ibis/backends/singlestoredb/converter.py:253: note: "_get_type_name" defined here
+ ibis/backends/singlestoredb/converter.py:305: note: "convert_SingleStoreDB_type" defined here

werkzeug (https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug)
+ src/werkzeug/datastructures/headers.py:225: note: "extend" of "Headers" defined here

cryptography (https://github.com/pyca/cryptography)
+ src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/openssl/kdf.pyi:168: note: "KBKDFHMAC" defined here
+ src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/openssl/kdf.pyi:188: note: "KBKDFCMAC" defined here

pandas-stubs (https://github.com/pandas-dev/pandas-stubs)
+ pandas-stubs/core/strings/accessor.pyi:186: note: "wrap" of "StringMethods" defined here

apprise (https://github.com/caronc/apprise)
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi:117: note: "IRCMessage" defined here

materialize (https://github.com/MaterializeInc/materialize)
+ ...venv/lib/python3.14/site-packages/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi:117: note: "__init__" of "object" defined here

xarray (https://github.com/pydata/xarray)
+ xarray/tests/test_deprecation_helpers.py: note: In function "test_deprecate_positional_args_warns_for_class":
+ xarray/tests/test_deprecation_helpers.py:72: note: "method" of "A1" defined here
+ xarray/tests/test_deprecation_helpers.py:95: note: "method" of "A2" defined here
+ xarray/tests/test_deprecation_helpers.py:108: note: "method" of "A3" defined here
+ xarray/tests/test_deprecation_helpers.py:121: note: "method" of "A4" defined here
+ xarray/core/dataarray.py: note: In function "test_multiple_groupers_string":
+ xarray/core/dataarray.py:6877: note: "groupby" of "DataArray" defined here

[ilevkivskyi]

I don't know how much context @JukkaL gave you, but let's wait with this until I am done with my part of the work (switching to more standard message formatting for this note) first.

Also maybe we should not add it to so many places at once.