fix: surface SQLite parameter binding errors

[huytdps13400]

Summary

• check every sqlite3_bind_* return status in the shared statement binder
• throw a normalized SQL execution error with the 1-based parameter index, SQLite code, and SQLite error text
• avoid including parameter values in errors
• cover sync, async, sync batch, and async batch APIs with real-database harness tests

Missing parameters retain their existing SQLite behavior; this change only rejects actual bind failures such as extra parameters returning SQLITE_RANGE.

Verification

• focused iOS harness RED before fix: 4 new tests failed because extra parameters completed silently
• focused iOS harness GREEN after fix: 4 passed
• full iOS react-native-harness: 3 suites, 72 tests passed
• iOS native app build: succeeded
• bun typecheck (all three workspaces)
• Prettier check for changed TypeScript
• clang-format check for changed C++
• git diff --check
• no lockfile changes

Closes #309.