Create hyperledger.md

hyperledger.md

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+title: Inside (Hyper) Ledger Lite - Add Transactions One Block at a Time and Balance the Accounts (Books)
+
+
+
+# Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! Decentralize Payments. Decentralize Transactions. Decentralize Blockchains.
+
+What's Blockchain?
+
+- Distributed Database?
+- Hyper Ledger Book?
+- Consensus with Proof-of-Work or Proof-of-Stake?
+- Digital Fingerprints? Cryptographic Hashes?
+- Lottery? Central Bank?
+- Byzantine-Generals Solution?
+
+Yes. Yes. Yes. Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain!
+
+(Source: [openblockchains/whatsblockchain](https://github.com/openblockchains/whatsblockchain))
+
+
+
+# Inside Blockchains - Inside (Hyper) Ledgers
+
+Q: What's the best way to understand and learn about blockchains
+and (hyper) ledgers?
+
+A: Do it yourself (DIY)! Build your own blockchains and (hyper) ledgers
+from scratch (zero)!
+
+
+# Let's Build Your Own (Hyper) Ledger (From Zero / Scratch)
+
+Crypto God? Python Cowboy? Ruby Ninja? JavaScript Rockstar?
+
+Yes, you can.
+
+![](i/fake-dilbert-blockchain.png)
+
+
+
+# Awesome Blockchains
+
+What's Awesome Blockchains?
+
+A public page that collects articles on building your own
+blockchains and (hyper) ledgers from scratch (zero) -
+github: [openblockchains/awesome-blockchains](https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains).
+
+
+
+
+# What's (Hyper) Ledger Lite?
+
+ledger-lite library (github: [openblockchains/ledger.lite.rb](https://github.com/openblockchains/ledger.lite.rb)) - (free, open source) hyper ledger book for the distributed blockchain internet era;
+add your transactions one block at a time; transfer crypto currencies or collectibles
+and balance the accounts.
+
+
+# Blockchain vs (Hyper) Ledger (Book) - What's the Difference?
+
+Q: What's the Difference?
+
+
+
+# Blockchain vs (Hyper) Ledger (Book) - What's the Difference?
+
+Blockchain - a list (chain) of blocks of transactions.
+
+Blockchain Lite Example:
+
+``` ruby
+b0 = Block.first(
+        { from: "Dutchgrown", to: "Vincent", what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 10 },
+        { from: "Keukenhof",  to: "Anne",    what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 7  } )
+
+b1 = Block.next( b0,
+        { from: "Flowers", to: "Ruben", what: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",  qty: 5 },
+        { from: "Vicent",  to: "Anne",  what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset", qty: 3 },
+        { from: "Anne",    to: "Julia", what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 },
+        { from: "Julia",   to: "Luuk",  what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",    qty: 1 } )
+
+b2 = Block.next( b1,
+        { from: "Bloom & Blossom", to: "Daisy",   what: "Tulip Admiral of Admirals", qty: 8 },
+        { from: "Vincent",         to: "Max",     what: "Tulip Bloemendaal Sunset",  qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Anne",            to: "Martijn", what: "Tulip Semper Augustus",     qty: 2 },
+        { from: "Ruben",           to: "Julia",   what: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck",   qty: 2 } )
+...
+```
+
+
+# Blockchain vs (Hyper) Ledger (Book) - What's the Difference?
+
+Ledger Book = Accounting Book = Book of Accounts
+
+What's an Account?
+
+Q: An account records .... ?
+
+A: Transactions, transaction, transactions.
+
+![](i/ledger.jpg)
+
+
+
+# Blockchain vs (Hyper) Ledger (Book) - What's the Difference?
+
+Ledger Lite Example:
+
+``` ruby
+ledger = Ledger.new
+
+ledger.write( Tx.new( from: "Keukenhof†",  to: "Vincent", qty: 11, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ))
+ledger.write( Tx.new( from: "Vincent",     to: "Anne",    qty:  3, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ))
+ledger.write( Tx.new( from: "Anne",        to: "Julia",   qty:  2, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ))
+ledger.write( Tx.new( from: "Julia",       to: "Luuk",    qty:  1, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ))
+
+ledger.write(
+   Tx.new( from: "Dutchgrown†", to: "Ruben",   qty: 11, name: "Tulip Semper Augustus" ),
+   Tx.new( from: "Vincent",     to: "Max",     qty:  3, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ),
+   Tx.new( from: "Ruben",       to: "Julia",   qty:  2, name: "Tulip Semper Augustus" ),
+   Tx.new( from: "Anne",        to: "Martijn", qty:  1, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ))
+...
+```
+
+
+# Blockchain vs (Hyper) Ledger (Book) - What's the Difference?
+
+Ledger Lite Example:
+
+``` ruby
+ledger = Ledger.new
+
+ledger.write(
+   Block.new( Tx.new( from: "Keukenhof†",  to: "Vincent", qty: 11, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ),
+              Tx.new( from: "Vincent",     to: "Anne",    qty:  3, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ),
+              Tx.new( from: "Anne",        to: "Julia",   qty:  2, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ),
+              Tx.new( from: "Julia",       to: "Luuk",    qty:  1, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" )),
+
+   Block.new( Tx.new( from: "Dutchgrown†", to: "Ruben",   qty: 11, name: "Tulip Semper Augustus" ),
+              Tx.new( from: "Vincent",     to: "Max",     qty:  3, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" ),
+              Tx.new( from: "Ruben",       to: "Julia",   qty:  2, name: "Tulip Semper Augustus" ),
+              Tx.new( from: "Anne",        to: "Martijn", qty:  1, name: "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" )))
+...
+```
+
+
+# Blockchain vs (Hyper) Ledger (Book) - What's the Difference?
+
+Q: What's the Difference?
+
+
+# Blockchain vs (Hyper) Ledger (Book) - What's the Difference?
+
+Blockchain:
+
+- bundles transactions into blocks
+- transactions get added to the chain on block at a time
+
+=> Is the transaction valid and the "consensus" / accepted "time-stamped" truth to be trusted?
+
+Ledger:
+
+- add one transaction at a time
+- balances your accounts!
+- double entry bookkeeping (or triple entry bookkeeping!)
+
+=> Who owns what?
+
+
+# Double Entry Bookkeeping (Accounting)
+
+> Double-entry bookkeeping, in accounting,
+> is a system of bookkeeping so named because every entry to an account
+> requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account.
+> The double entry has two equal and corresponding sides known as debit and credit.
+> The left-hand side is debit and right-hand side is credit.
+>
+> -- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system)
+
+
+``` ruby
+## apply/do single transaction - send payment - do transfer
+def send( from, to, amount )
+
+  if sufficient?( from, amount )
+     @addr[ from ] -= amount
+     @addr[ to   ] += amount
+  end
+
+end  # method send
+
+## note: transfer is an alias for send (payment)
+alias :transfer :send
+```
+
+
+# Ledger vs Hyper Ledger - What's the difference?
+
+Hyper - Ledger (book) for the distributed blockchain internet era
+
+Coinbase! Create money out of ... nothing one block at a time!
+
+``` ruby
+Ledger.configure do |config|
+  config.coinbase = ['Keukenhof†']
+end
+
+# ...
+
+def send( from, to, amount )
+  if sufficient?( from, amount )
+    if Ledger.config.coinbase?( from )
+      # note: coinbase has unlimited funds!! ("virtual" built-in money printing address)
+    else
+      @addr[ from ] -= amount
+    end
+    @addr[ to ] += amount
+  end
+end  # method send
+```
+
+
+# Inside Ledger Lite - Currencies, Commodities, Collectibles, Assets and More
+
+Ledger Lite lets you design / create your own transactions.
+
+For example, let's use
+`from`, `to`, `qty` (quantity) and `name` (of commodity, collectible or asset).
+Override the `Ledger#unpack` method for "unpacking" arguments from transactions
+and the `Ledger#send` method for "committing" transactions:
+
+``` ruby
+def unpack( tx )
+  ## "unpack" from, to, qty, name values
+  if tx.is_a?( Hash )   ## support hashes
+    from   = tx[:from]
+    to     = tx[:to]
+    qty    = tx[:qty]
+    name   = tx[:name]
+  else   ## assume it's a transaction (tx) struct/class
+    from   = tx.from
+    to     = tx.to
+    qty    = tx.qty
+    name   = tx.name
+  end
+  [from,to,qty,name]
+end
+```
+
+
+# Inside Ledger Lite - Currencies, Commodities, Collectibles, Assets and More (Cont.)
+
+``` ruby
+def send( from, to, qty, name )
+  if sufficient?( from, qty, name )
+    if Ledger.config.coinbase?( from )
+      # note: coinbase has unlimited supply!! magic happens here
+    else
+      @addr[ from ][ name ] -= qty
+    end
+    @addr[ to ][ name ] += qty
+  end
+end
+```
+
+# Inside Ledger Lite - Currencies, Commodities, Collectibles, Assets and More (Cont.)
+
+Now use the ledger with the new transaction format like:
+
+``` ruby
+ledger = Ledger.new
+
+ledger.send( "Keukenhof†",  "Vincent", 11, "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" )
+ledger.send( "Vincent",     "Anne",     3, "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" )
+ledger.send( "Anne",        "Julia",    2, "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" )
+ledger.send( "Julia",       "Luuk",     1, "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" )
+
+ledger.send( "Dutchgrown†", "Ruben",   11, "Tulip Semper Augustus"  )
+ledger.send( "Vincent",     "Max",      3, "Tulip Admiral van Eijck" )
+ledger.send( "Ruben",       "Julia",    2, "Tulip Semper Augustus" )
+ledger.send( "Anne",        "Martijn",  1, "Tulip Admiral van Eijck"
+```
+
+
+
+# Do-it-yourself (DIY) - Build Your Own Real-World Case Studies
+
+Open source, free case studies using blockchain-lite, merkletree, p2p,
+and ledger-lite include:
+
+- Central Bank - github: [openblockchains/centralbank](https://github.com/openblockchains/centralbank)
+- Tulipmania - github: [openblockchains/tulipmania](https://github.com/openblockchains/tulipmania)
+
+And last but not least:
+
+- Shilling (or Schilling) also known as Bitshilling - github: [bitshilling](https://github.com/bitshilling)
+
+
+
+
+# Do-it-yourself (DIY) - Build Your Own Real-World Case Studies - Central Bank
+
+Central Bank - centralbank command line tool (and core library) -
+print your own money / cryptocurrency;
+run your own federated central bank nodes on the blockchain peer-to-peer over HTTP;
+revolutionize the world one block at a time
+
+Command Line. Use the `centralbank` command line tool. Try:
+
+```
+$ centralbank -h     
+```
+
+resulting in:
+
+```
+Usage: centralbank [options]
+
+  Wallet options:
+    -n, --name=NAME                  Address name (default: Alice)
+
+  Server (node) options:
+    -o, --host HOST                  listen on HOST (default: 0.0.0.0)
+    -p, --port PORT                  use PORT (default: 4567)
+    -h, --help                       Prints this help
+```
+
+
+# Do-it-yourself (DIY) - Build Your Own Real-World Case Studies - Central Bank (Cont.)
+
+To start a new (network) node using the default wallet
+address (that is, Alice) and the default server host and port settings
+use:
+
+```
+$ centralbank
+```
+
+Stand back ten feets :-) while starting up the machinery.
+Ready to print (mine) money on the blockchain?
+In your browser open up the page e.g. `http://localhost:4567`. Voila!
+
+![](i/centralbank.png)
+
+
+
+# Do-it-yourself (DIY) - Build Your Own Real-World Case Studies - Shilling (or Schilling)
+
+Shilling (or Schilling) on the Blockchain! -
+Rock-Solid Alpine Dollar from Austria -
+BTS is the new ATS - Bitcoin Sidechain
+
+Find out more @ github: [bitshilling](https://github.com/bitshilling).