5.next: Capability interfaces for reversible vs directional migrations

docs/.vitepress/toc_en.json

@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@
       "collapsed": true,
       "items": [
         { "text": "Upgrading from 4.x to 5.x", "link": "/upgrades/upgrading-from-4-x" },
-        { "text": "Upgrading to the Builtin Backend", "link": "/upgrades/upgrading-to-builtin-backend" }
+        { "text": "Upgrading to the Builtin Backend", "link": "/upgrades/upgrading-to-builtin-backend" },
+        { "text": "Upgrading to Capability Interfaces", "link": "/upgrades/upgrading-to-capability-interfaces" }
       ]
     }
   ]

docs/en/guides/writing-migrations/migration-methods.md

@@ -1,5 +1,19 @@
 # Migration Methods
 
+A migration declares its style by implementing one of two capability interfaces:
+
+- `Migrations\ReversibleMigrationInterface` for migrations that define a
+  single `change()` method.
+- `Migrations\DirectionalMigrationInterface` for migrations that define
+  separate `up()` and `down()` methods.
+
+A migration implements **one** of the two, never both. Bake-generated
+migrations already include the right `implements` clause. Migrations from
+older versions of cakephp/migrations keep working without the interface
+through a `method_exists()` fallback; see
+[Upgrading to Capability Interfaces](/upgrades/upgrading-to-capability-interfaces)
+for the adoption path.
+
 ## The Change Method
 
 Migrations supports 'reversible migrations'. In many scenarios, you only need
@@ -10,8 +24,9 @@ rollback operations for you. For example:
 <?php
 
 use Migrations\BaseMigration;
+use Migrations\ReversibleMigrationInterface;
 
-class CreateUserLoginsTable extends BaseMigration
+class CreateUserLoginsTable extends BaseMigration implements ReversibleMigrationInterface
 {
     public function change(): void
     {
@@ -57,8 +72,9 @@ direction. For example:
 <?php
 
 use Migrations\BaseMigration;
+use Migrations\ReversibleMigrationInterface;
 
-class CreateUserLoginsTable extends BaseMigration
+class CreateUserLoginsTable extends BaseMigration implements ReversibleMigrationInterface
 {
     public function change(): void
     {
@@ -111,8 +127,9 @@ from within your database migration:
 <?php
 
 use Migrations\BaseMigration;
+use Migrations\DirectionalMigrationInterface;
 
-class MyNewMigration extends BaseMigration
+class MyNewMigration extends BaseMigration implements DirectionalMigrationInterface
 {
     public function up(): void
     {

docs/en/upgrades/upgrading-to-capability-interfaces.md

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# Upgrading to Capability Interfaces
+
+Starting with 5.next, cakephp/migrations ships two capability interfaces that let migrations declare their style explicitly:
+
+- `Migrations\ReversibleMigrationInterface` — for migrations that define a single reversible `change()` method.
+- `Migrations\DirectionalMigrationInterface` — for migrations that define separate `up()` and `down()` methods.
+
+A migration implements **one** of the two interfaces, never both.
+
+## Why this exists
+
+Until now, `Environment` dispatched migrations through `method_exists()` checks against `change()`, `up()`, and `down()`. This works at runtime but has a few drawbacks:
+
+- A typo such as `function chnage()` silently no-ops at run time. The runtime cannot tell whether the migration is reversible or directional, so it just does nothing.
+- IDEs and static analyzers cannot resolve `change()` / `up()` / `down()` on a generic `MigrationInterface`, so refactoring tools and PHPStan narrowing do not work.
+- Custom runners that wrap `MigrationInterface` have to use reflection to figure out the migration style.
+
+The capability interfaces are a way out of this without breaking existing code:
+
+- `Environment` now dispatches via `instanceof` first and falls back to `method_exists()` for migrations that have not adopted the interfaces yet.
+- The interfaces declare their method contracts as PHPDoc `@method` tags (not as real abstract methods), which means adding `implements` to an existing migration is a **zero-friction** change — your method signature is not validated against an abstract.
+
+::: tip 5.x is a soft window
+The PHPDoc-only contract is intentional. The 6.x release is expected to promote the `@method` tags to real abstract method declarations, at which point a missing or mistyped `change()` / `up()` / `down()` becomes a static error. The 5.next release gives you a runway to adopt the interfaces without breakage; the 6.x release tightens the contract.
+:::
+
+## What changed for app developers
+
+If you do nothing, your existing migrations keep working. `Environment` retains a `method_exists()` fallback throughout the 5.x cycle.
+
+Adopting the interfaces now is recommended because:
+
+- New bakes already emit the right `implements` clause.
+- Static analysis and IDE autocomplete start working on your migrations.
+- Your app is upgrade-ready when 6.x lands.
+
+## Per-app upgrade — manual edits
+
+### Reversible migration (defines `change()`)
+
+Before:
+
+```php
+<?php
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use Migrations\BaseMigration;
+
+class CreateProducts extends BaseMigration
+{
+    public function change(): void
+    {
+        $this->table('products')
+            ->addColumn('name', 'string')
+            ->create();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+After:
+
+```php
+<?php
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use Migrations\BaseMigration;
+use Migrations\ReversibleMigrationInterface;
+
+class CreateProducts extends BaseMigration implements ReversibleMigrationInterface
+{
+    public function change(): void
+    {
+        $this->table('products')
+            ->addColumn('name', 'string')
+            ->create();
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Directional migration (defines `up()` and `down()`)
+
+Before:
+
+```php
+<?php
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use Migrations\BaseMigration;
+
+class BackfillOrderTotals extends BaseMigration
+{
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        $this->execute('UPDATE orders SET total = ...');
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        $this->execute('UPDATE orders SET total = NULL');
+    }
+}
+```
+
+After:
+
+```php
+<?php
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use Migrations\BaseMigration;
+use Migrations\DirectionalMigrationInterface;
+
+class BackfillOrderTotals extends BaseMigration implements DirectionalMigrationInterface
+{
+    public function up(): void
+    {
+        $this->execute('UPDATE orders SET total = ...');
+    }
+
+    public function down(): void
+    {
+        $this->execute('UPDATE orders SET total = NULL');
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Anonymous migrations
+
+Anonymous migrations get the same treatment:
+
+```php
+return new class extends BaseMigration implements ReversibleMigrationInterface
+{
+    public function change(): void
+    {
+    }
+};
+```
+
+## Automated upgrade with rector
+
+cakephp/migrations ships a rector rule that adds the right `implements` clause to every migration in your `config/Migrations/` folder.
+
+Add the following to your `rector.php`:
+
+```php
+use Migrations\Rector\AddMigrationCapabilityInterfaceRector;
+use Rector\Config\RectorConfig;
+
+return RectorConfig::configure()
+    ->withPaths([
+        __DIR__ . '/config/Migrations',
+    ])
+    ->withRules([
+        AddMigrationCapabilityInterfaceRector::class,
+    ]);
+```
+
+Then run rector:
+
+```bash
+vendor/bin/rector process --config=rector.php
+```
+
+What the rule does:
+
+- For every class extending `Migrations\BaseMigration` (directly or transitively):
+  - If the class defines `change()`, add `implements ReversibleMigrationInterface`.
+  - If the class defines `up()` or `down()`, add `implements DirectionalMigrationInterface`.
+- Classes that already implement either capability interface are skipped.
+- Classes that define both `change()` and `up()`/`down()` are skipped — these are user errors that need a deliberate decision.
+
+### Optional: combine with built-in rector rules
+
+If you also want to normalize visibility and return types on your migration methods (the shape 6.x will expect), compose with rector's built-in sets:
+
+```php
+use Migrations\Rector\AddMigrationCapabilityInterfaceRector;
+use Rector\Config\RectorConfig;
+use Rector\Set\ValueObject\SetList;
+
+return RectorConfig::configure()
+    ->withPaths([
+        __DIR__ . '/config/Migrations',
+    ])
+    ->withRules([
+        AddMigrationCapabilityInterfaceRector::class,
+    ])
+    ->withSets([
+        SetList::TYPE_DECLARATION,
+    ]);
+```
+
+::: warning Only point rector at your migrations folder
+Migration paths use scoped rector configs by default; pointing rector at `src/` or `tests/` will apply unrelated transformations. Keep the path list narrow.
+:::
+
+## Manual work that remains after rector
+
+- **Migrations not on `BaseMigration`.** Anything still on a legacy Phinx `AbstractMigration` fork or a custom base that does not extend `BaseMigration` is skipped. Add the `implements` clause by hand.
+- **Dynamically generated migration classes** (eval'd test fixtures, factories). Rector cannot see them. Add the `implements` clause at the generation site.
+- **Custom base classes that themselves declare `change()` / `up()` / `down()`.** Rector adds the interface to the base class once. If the base lives in a third-party plugin you do not control, either implement the capability interface on the leaf class or PR the plugin upstream.
+- **Bake-generated migrations from older versions.** Bake templates emit the `implements` clause out of the box from 5.next; older bakes do not. Rector cleans those up in one pass.
+
+## Forward direction
+
+The 6.x release is expected to:
+
+- Promote the PHPDoc `@method` declarations on the capability interfaces to real abstract method declarations.
+- Remove the `method_exists()` fallback in `Environment`.
+
+Running rector now means the 6.x bump is a no-op for your migration files.

phpstan.neon

@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ parameters:
     level: 8
     paths:
         - src/
+    excludePaths:
+        # rector/rector is installed on-demand via the rector-setup composer
+        # script, so PHPStan cannot resolve AbstractRector or the Symplify
+        # value objects during the main analysis run. The rule is autoloaded
+        # for downstream apps and type-checked by rector itself when invoked.
+        - src/Rector/
     bootstrapFiles:
         - tests/bootstrap.php
     ignoreErrors:

src/DirectionalMigrationInterface.php

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?php
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+/**
+ * MIT License
+ * For full license information, please view the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace Migrations;
+
+/**
+ * Marker interface for migrations that define separate `up()` and `down()` methods.
+ *
+ * When implemented, `Migrations\Migration\Environment` dispatches the migration via
+ * `up()` or `down()` depending on the direction.
+ *
+ * In 5.x the method contracts are declared via PHPDoc only and are not enforced at
+ * the type system level — implementations are still discovered through `method_exists`
+ * for compatibility. The PHPDoc method tags exist so static analyzers and IDEs
+ * resolve `up()` / `down()` once the interface is asserted via `instanceof`. The
+ * 6.x release is expected to promote `up()` and `down()` to real abstract methods
+ * on this interface.
+ *
+ * A migration implements either this interface or {@see ReversibleMigrationInterface},
+ * never both.
+ *
+ * @method void up()   Apply the schema change.
+ * @method void down() Revert the schema change.
+ */
+interface DirectionalMigrationInterface extends MigrationInterface
+{
+}

src/Migration/Environment.php

@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@
 use Cake\Datasource\ConnectionManager;
 use Migrations\Db\Adapter\AdapterFactory;
 use Migrations\Db\Adapter\AdapterInterface;
+use Migrations\DirectionalMigrationInterface;
 use Migrations\MigrationInterface;
+use Migrations\ReversibleMigrationInterface;
 use Migrations\SeedInterface;
 use RuntimeException;
 
@@ -74,8 +76,15 @@ public function executeMigration(MigrationInterface $migration, string $directio
         }
 
         if (!$fake) {
-            // Run the migration
-            if (method_exists($migration, MigrationInterface::CHANGE)) {
+            // Run the migration. Dispatch order: capability interfaces first
+            // (statically narrowable for IDEs and static analysis), then a
+            // method_exists fallback for migrations that haven't yet adopted
+            // either ReversibleMigrationInterface or DirectionalMigrationInterface.
+            $isReversible = $migration instanceof ReversibleMigrationInterface
+                || (!$migration instanceof DirectionalMigrationInterface
+                    && method_exists($migration, MigrationInterface::CHANGE));
+
+            if ($isReversible) {
                 if ($direction === MigrationInterface::DOWN) {
                     // Create an instance of the RecordingAdapter so we can record all
                     // of the migration commands for reverse playback
@@ -94,6 +103,8 @@ public function executeMigration(MigrationInterface $migration, string $directio
                 } else {
                     $migration->{MigrationInterface::CHANGE}();
                 }
+            } elseif ($migration instanceof DirectionalMigrationInterface) {
+                $direction === MigrationInterface::UP ? $migration->up() : $migration->down();
             } elseif (method_exists($migration, $direction)) {
                 $migration->{$direction}();
             }