Fix: Speed up bus turnaround for blackpill-f4 like other platforms

[ALTracer]

Detailed description

• This is not a feature, but may affect external/out-of-tree features (like direction GPIO for bus turnaround).
• The existing problem is a long function call to gpio_mode_setup() in the process of high-performance bitbanging of SWD on blackpill-f4 family of platforms.
• This PR solves the problem by porting inline code / macros existing in other platforms.

Testing on fix/tap-timing branch with a blackpill-f411ce in max frequency (~8MHz) against a STM32MP157_CM4 shows an increase of performance of loading a 64 KiB binary into RETRAM from 156 to 180 KiB/s. Impact may be less noticeable when using Flash-based targets, or using this BMF with BMDA as proxy.

I'll mention that stlinkv3 also toggles a GPIO wired to direction pin of a bidirectional level translator in the respective macros.

Your checklist for this pull request

• I've read the Code of Conduct
• I've read the guidelines for contributing to this repository
• It builds for hardware native (make PROBE_HOST=native) and should not affect it
• It builds as BMDA (make PROBE_HOST=hosted) and should not affect it
• I've tested it to the best of my ability
• My commit messages provide a useful short description of what the commits do

Closing issues

Enhances #1688 (PR, not an Issue)

[dragonmux]

This looks good and provides some nice consistency with the other platforms. There are a couple of review items concerning signed-unsigned conversion to sort, but with the assumption that you've tested this with a Black Pill and it works, we've got no problems merging this once those are sorted.

[dragonmux]

LGTM, merging. Thank you for the contribution!

[ALTracer]

Adjusted per review items, squashed into one; and rebased to latest main.
Tested on PROBE_HOST=blackpill-f411ce ALTERNATIVE_PINOUT=1 BMP_BOOTLOADER=1 as well as default pinout against a gd32f103cb target (bluepillplus), everything seems to work -- JTAG/SWD, max frequency and lowered, BMF and BMDA and BMDA non-HL modes. Performance improvement estimates not taken.