[FLINK-36227] Restore compatibility with Logback 1.2 - Flink 2.0

[piotrp]

What is the purpose of the change

Restores compatibility with Logback 1.2, fixes issues FLINK-36104 and FLINK-36227.

Same as #25813, but targeting master.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: yes
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not applicable

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 46f15d1 Azure: FAILURE

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