Document inheritance of error payload fields

[TarantoolBot]

Related dev. issue(s): tarantool/tarantool#9106

Product: Tarantool
Since: 3.1
Root document: https://www.tarantool.io/en/doc/latest/reference/reference_lua/box_error/error_object/
SME: @ Gumix

Details

Link to the design document
Requested by @ Gumix in tarantool/tarantool@d592f26.