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01-supermodel.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Loc-I Supermodel</title>
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<body class="article toc2 toc-left data-line-1">
<div id="header">
<h1>Loc-I Supermodel</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_metadata">1. Metadata</a></li>
<li><a href="#_preamble">2. Preamble</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_abstract">2.1. Abstract</a></li>
<li><a href="#_namespaces">2.2. Namespaces</a></li>
<li><a href="#_terms_definitions">2.3. Terms & Definitions</a></li>
<li><a href="#_conventions">2.4. Conventions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_introduction">3. Introduction</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_loc_i_project">3.1. Loc-I Project</a></li>
<li><a href="#_loc_i_technical_implementation">3.2. Loc-I Technical Implementation</a></li>
<li><a href="#_supermodel_specification_role">3.3. Supermodel Specification role</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_model">4. Model</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_level_0_model_background">4.1. Level 0: Model Background</a></li>
<li><a href="#_level_1_data_domains">4.2. Level 1: Data Domains</a></li>
<li><a href="#_level_2_central_classes">4.3. Level 2: Central Classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#_level_3_domain_main_classes">4.4. Level 3: Domain Main Classes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_data_domain_details">5. Data Domain Details</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_data_cataloguing_details">5.1. Data Cataloguing Details</a></li>
<li><a href="#_organisations_people_details">5.2. Organisations & People Details</a></li>
<li><a href="#_sampling_details">5.3. Sampling Details</a></li>
<li><a href="#_spatiality_details">5.4. Spatiality Details</a></li>
<li><a href="#_theming_details">5.5. Theming Details</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_references">References</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1 data-line-6">
<h2 id="_metadata">1. Metadata</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<table class="tableblock frame-none grid-none stripes-even data-line-9" style="width: 75%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 16.6666%;">
<col style="width: 83.3334%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>IRI</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://linked.data.gov.au/def/loci-supermodel" class="undefined" data-href="https://linked.data.gov.au/def/loci-supermodel">https://linked.data.gov.au/def/loci-supermodel</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Title</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Loc-I Supermodel Specifciation</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Description</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This Model - the Loc-I Supermodel - is the <a href="http://www.ga.gov.au/locationindex" data-href="http://www.ga.gov.au/locationindex">Location Index (Loc-I) Projects</a>'s overarching data model that provides integration logic for all Loc-I elements.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Created</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2022-02-24</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Modified</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2022-02-24</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Issued</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">0000-00-00</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Creator</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://linked.data.gov.au/org/icsm" data-href="https://linked.data.gov.au/org/icsm">Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying & Mapping</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Publisher</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://linked.data.gov.au/org/icsm" data-href="https://linked.data.gov.au/org/icsm">Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying & Mapping</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>License</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" data-href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Machine-readable form</strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://surroundaustralia.github.io/loci-supermodel/supermodel.ttl" data-href="https://surroundaustralia.github.io/loci-supermodel/supermodel.ttl">supermodel.ttl</a></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 data-line-1">
<h2 id="_preamble">2. Preamble</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2 data-line-3">
<h3 id="_abstract">2.1. Abstract</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-5">
<p>This Model - the Loc-I Supermodel - is the <a href="http://www.ga.gov.au/locationindex" data-href="http://www.ga.gov.au/locationindex">Location Index (Loc-I) Projects</a>'s overarching data model that provides integration logic for all Loc-I elements.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2 data-line-7">
<h3 id="_namespaces">2.2. Namespaces</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-9">
<p>This model is built on a "baseline" of Semantic Web models which use a variatey of namespaces. Prefixes for thess namespaces, used througout this document, are listed below.</p>
</div>
<table id="tbl-prefixes" class="tableblock frame-none grid-none stripes-even data-line-13" style="width: 75%;">
<caption class="title">Table 1. Namespaces</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3334%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Prefix</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Namespace</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong><code>super</code></strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong><code><a href="https://linked.data.gov.au/def/loci-supermodel/" class="undefined" data-href="https://linked.data.gov.au/def/loci-supermodel/">https://linked.data.gov.au/def/loci-supermodel/</a></code></strong></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>this model</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>dcterms:</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code><a href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" class="undefined" data-href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/">http://purl.org/dc/terms/</a></code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Dublin Core Terms vocabulary namespace</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ex:</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code><a href="http://example.com/" class="undefined" data-href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a></code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Generic examples namespace</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>owl:</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" class="undefined" data-href="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#">http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#</a></code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Web Ontology Language ontology namespace</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>rdfs:</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" class="undefined" data-href="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#">http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#</a></code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">RDF Schema ontology namespace</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>sosa:</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/" class="undefined" data-href="http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/">http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/</a></code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator ontology namespace</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>skos:</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" class="undefined" data-href="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#">http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#</a></code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) ontology namespace</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>time:</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/2006/time#" class="undefined" data-href="http://www.w3.org/2006/time#">http://www.w3.org/2006/time#</a></code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Time Ontology in OWL namespace</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>void:</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code><a href="http://rdfs.org/ns/void#" class="undefined" data-href="http://rdfs.org/ns/void#">http://rdfs.org/ns/void#</a></code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Vocabulary of Interlinked Data (VoID) ontology namespace</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>xsd:</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code><a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" class="undefined" data-href="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#</a></code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">XML Schema Definitions ontology namespace</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="sect2 data-line-28">
<h3 id="_terms_definitions">2.3. Terms & Definitions</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-30">
<p>The following terms appear in this document and, when they do, the definitions in this section apply to them.</p>
</div>
<div id="central-class" class="dlist data-line-33">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Central Class</dt>
<dd>
<p><code><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/central-class" class="undefined" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/central-class">http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/central-class</a></code></p>
<div class="paragraph data-line-36">
<p>Central Classes are the generic data classes at the centre of Data Domains with high-level relationships between them defined in this supermodel.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-38">
<p>These classes are taken from general standards - usually well-known international stadnards - and specialised and extended within implementation scenarios to cater for specific needs.</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="data-domain" class="dlist data-line-42">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Data Domain</dt>
<dd>
<p><code><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/data-domain" class="undefined" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/data-domain">http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/data-domain</a></code></p>
<div class="paragraph data-line-45">
<p>High-level conceptual areas within which Geosicence Australia has data.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-47">
<p>These Data Domains are not themed scientificly - 'geology', 'hydrogeology', etc. - but instead based on parts of the <em>Observations & Measurement</em> <a href="#ISO19156">[ISO19156]</a> standard, realised in Semantic Web form in the SOSA Ontology, part of the <em>Semantic Sensor Network Ontology</em> <a href="#SSN">[SSN]</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-49">
<p>Current Data Domain are shown in <a href="#fig-top-level">Figure 1</a>.</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="knowledge-graph" class="dlist data-line-53">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Knowledge Graph</dt>
<dd>
<p><code><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/knowledge-graph" class="undefined" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/knowledge-graph">http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/knowledge-graph</a></code></p>
<div class="paragraph data-line-56">
<p>A Knowledge Graph is a dataset that uses a graph data tructure - nodes and edges - with strongly-defined elements.</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="linked-data" class="dlist data-line-60">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Linked Data</dt>
<dd>
<p><code><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/linked-data" class="undefined" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/linked-data">http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/linked-data</a></code></p>
<div class="paragraph data-line-63">
<p>A set of technologies and conventions defined by the <a href="https://www.w3.org" data-href="https://www.w3.org">World Wide Web Consortium</a> that aim to present data in both human- and machine-readable form over the Internet.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-65">
<p>Linked Data is strongly-defined with each element having either a local definition or a link to an available definition on the Internet.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-67">
<p>Linked Data is graph-based in nature, that is it consistes of nodes and edges that can forever be linked to further conceps with defined relationships.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-69">
<p> — <a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/data" class="undefined" data-href="https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/data">https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/data</a></p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="location-index" class="dlist data-line-73">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Location Index</dt>
<dd>
<p><code><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/location-index" class="undefined" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/location-index">http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/location-index</a></code></p>
<div class="paragraph data-line-76">
<p>A project aiming to provide a consistent way to seamlessly integrate spatial data from distributed sources.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-78">
<p> — <a href="http://www.ga.gov.au/locationindex" data-href="http://www.ga.gov.au/locationindex">Location Index Project Website</a></p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div id="semantic-web" class="dlist data-line-82">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Semantic Web</dt>
<dd>
<p><code><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/semantic-web" class="undefined" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/semantic-web">http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/terms-definitions/semantic-web</a></code></p>
<div class="paragraph data-line-85">
<p>The <a href="https://www.w3.org" data-href="https://www.w3.org">World Wide Web Consortium</a>'s vision of an Internet-based web of Linked Data.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-87">
<p>Semantic Web is used to refer to something more than just the technologies and conventions of Linked Data; the term also encompases a specific set of interoperable data models - often called ontologies - published by the W3C, other standards bodies and some well-known companies.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-89">
<p>The 'semantic' refers to the strongly-defined nature of the elements in the Semantic Web: the meaning of Semantic Web data is as precicely defined as any data can be.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-91">
<p> — <a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/" class="undefined" data-href="https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/">https://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/</a></p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2 data-line-94">
<h3 id="_conventions">2.4. Conventions</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-96">
<p>All model diagrams use elements introduced in <a href="#fig-level0-key">Figure 1</a>. These elements are defined in the RDF, RDFS and OWL ontologies, see <a href="#OWL">[OWL]</a> for mode details.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-22">
<p>All code snippets in this document, used to show formal and machine-readable versions of concepts, are expressed using the Turtle RDF syntax <a href="#TTL">[TTL]</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 data-line-1">
<h2 id="_introduction">3. Introduction</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2 data-line-3">
<h3 id="_loc_i_project">3.1. Loc-I Project</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-5">
<p>The Location Index (LOC-I) project, established in 2018, created a framework to provide a consistent way to seamlessly integrate spatial data from distributed sources. The target was Australian spatial data "of national significance", meaning most - initially all - of the data considered was Australian federal government data. Going forward, Loc-I is not limited to this sort of data, so other government data (states) may be included as well as non-government data.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-7">
<p>See the project website, <a href="http://www.ga.gov.au/locationindex" class="undefined" data-href="http://www.ga.gov.au/locationindex">http://www.ga.gov.au/locationindex</a>, for more project information.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2 data-line-9">
<h3 id="_loc_i_technical_implementation">3.2. Loc-I Technical Implementation</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-11">
<p>The technical implementation of Loc-I was based on Semantic Web <a href="#semantic-web">[semantic-web]</a> principles allowing for datasets to be published as Linked Data <a href="#linked-data">[linked-data]</a> independently by data holders - different government departments, companies etc. - and consumed with minimal effort required for integration.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-13">
<p>The technical implementation relied on a <em>Loc-I Ontology</em>, the main Loc-I model, multiple <em>Background Models</em>, fundamental, standards, data models that the Loc-I Ontology depended on, and, for some datasets, <em>Dataset Models</em> of their content that spefialise the Loc-I Ontology.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-15">
<p><a href="#orig-arch">Figure 1</a> below shows the original detailed architecture diagram used to explain Loc-I’s parts from 2018 - 2021. This supermodel document does not detail the technical implementation of Loc-I elements but does provide a formal, integrated, model for all the elements in that figure. The OWL ontology elements represented on the left are all included in this supermodel unchanged, however several additional background ontologies and profiles have been added to better integrate Loc-I datasets' models. These include the <em>OGC LD API profile</em> <a href="#OGCLDAPI">[OGCLDAPI]</a> wich is used to ensure data meets, or to build out data to meet, requirements of the Open Geospatail Consortium’s <em>OGC API - Features</em> <a href="#OGCAPI">[OGCAPI]</a> which is now used as the standard API for Loc-I datasets. That standard was not available when the original Loc-I project was started in 2018.</p>
</div>
<div id="orig-arch" class="imageblock data-line-19">
<div class="content">
<img src="/img/original-loci-detailed-architecture.png" alt="Original Loc-I Detailed Architecture">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 1. Original Loc-I Detailed Architecture (from <a href="https://www.csiro.au" data-href="https://www.csiro.au">CSIRO</a>)</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2 data-line-21">
<h3 id="_supermodel_specification_role">3.3. Supermodel Specification role</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-24">
<p>This Loc-I Supermodel Specification formally defines the technical model implementation of Loc-I including all previously created models and relations as well as new models that have been added since the original Loc-I project, for example to allow Loc-I information to be exported in forms expected by industry.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1 data-line-1">
<h2 id="_model">4. Model</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2 data-line-3">
<h3 id="_level_0_model_background">4.1. Level 0: Model Background</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-5">
<p>This view of the model is a backgrounding one which describes the underpinning model mecahnics that it uses. The object modelling used is based on the <em>Web Ontology Language</em> <a href="#OWL">[OWL]</a> and its own underlying use of RDF & RDFS <sup class="footnote">[<a id="_footnoteref_1" class="footnote" href="#_footnotedef_1" title="View footnote.">1</a>]</sup>. The <em>Provenance Ontology</em> <a href="#PROV">[PROV]</a> is used to model real-world causal dependencies - provenance.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3 data-line-7">
<h4 id="_diagram_key">4.1.1. Diagram Key</h4>
<div class="paragraph data-line-9">
<p>The figure below is a key for the elements in all of the model diagrams in this document.</p>
</div>
<div id="fig-level0-key" class="imageblock data-line-13">
<div class="content">
<img src="img/key.png" alt="key">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 2. Diagram elements key</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3 data-line-15">
<h4 id="_object_modelling">4.1.2. Object Modelling</h4>
<div class="paragraph data-line-17">
<p>The elements from the above subsection are shown in relation to one another in the figure below.</p>
</div>
<div id="fig-level0-owl" class="imageblock data-line-21">
<div class="content">
<img src="img/level0-owl.png" alt="level0 owl">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 3. OWL objects and their relations</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-23">
<p>The elements shown above are identified with prefixed IRIs that correspond to entries in the <a href="#tbl-prefixes">Namespace Table</a>. A short explanation of the diagram key elements is:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist data-line-25">
<ul>
<li class="data-line-25">
<p><code>owl:Class</code> - represents any conceptual class of objects. Classes are expected to contain individuals - instances of the class - and the class, as a whole, may have realtions to other classes</p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-26">
<p><code>owl:NamedIndividual</code> - an individual of an <code>owl:class</code>. For example, for the class <em>ships</em>, an individual might be <em>Titanic</em></p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-27">
<p><code>rdf:property</code> - a relationship between classes, individuals, or any objects and Literals</p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-28">
<p><code>rdfs:subClassOf</code> - an <code>rdf:property</code> indicating that the domain (from object) is a subclass of the range (to objects). An example is the class <em>student</em> which is a subclass of <em>person</em>: all <em>students</em> are clearly <em>persons</em> but not <em>vice versa</em></p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-29">
<p><code>rdf:type</code> - the property that related an <code>owl:NamedIndividual</code> to the <code>owl:Class</code> that it’s a member of</p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-30">
<p><code>Literal</code> - a simple literal data property, e.g. the string "Nicholas", or the number 42. Specific literal types are usually indicated when used</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-32">
<p>The remaining diagrams in this document use extensions to this basic model, for example <a href="#fig-level0-prov">Figure 3</a> uses colour-coded specialised forms of <code>owl:Class</code> (subclasses of it) and the relations in <a href="#fig-central-classes">Figure 5</a> are specialised forms of <code>rdf:property</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3 data-line-34">
<h4 id="_provenance">4.1.3. Provenance</h4>
<div class="paragraph data-line-36">
<p>General provenance/lineage information about anything - a rock sample, a dataset, a term in a vocabulary etc. - is described using the <em>Provenance Ontology</em> <a href="#PROV">[PROV]</a> which views <em>everything</em> in the world as being of one or more types in <a href="#fig-level0-prov">Figure 3</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="fig-level0-prov" class="imageblock data-line-40">
<div class="content">
<img src="img/level0-prov.png" alt="level0 prov">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 4. PROV main classes and main relations</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-42">
<p>According to PROV, all things are either a:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist data-line-44">
<ul>
<li class="data-line-44">
<p><code>prov:Entity</code> - a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects</p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-45">
<p><code>prov:Agent</code> - something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent’s activity</p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-46">
<p><code>prov:Activity</code> - something that occurs over a period of time and acts upon or with entities</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-48">
<p>While not often in front of mind for objects in any Data Domain, provenance relations always apply, for example: a <code>sosa:Sample</code> within the <em>Sampling</em> domain is a <code>prov:Entity</code> and will necissarily have been created via a <code>sosa:Sampling</code> which is a <code>prov:Activity</code>. Another example: an <code>sdo:Person</code> related to a <code>dcat:Dataset</code> via the property <code>dcterms:creator</code> in the <em>DataCataloging</em> domain is a specialised form of a <code>prov:Agent</code> related to a <code>prov:Entity</code> via <code>prov:wasAttributedTo</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2 data-line-50">
<h3 id="_level_1_data_domains">4.2. Level 1: Data Domains</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-52">
<p>The top-level view of the supermodel that assumes Level 0 background mechanics shows a set of 5 <a href="#data-domain">Data Domains</a> which are:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic data-line-54">
<ol class="arabic">
<li class="data-line-54">
<p><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains/data-cataloguing:" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains/data-cataloguing:">Data Cataloguing</a></p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-55">
<p><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains/organisations-people:" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains/organisations-people:">Organisations & People</a></p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-56">
<p><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains/spatiality:" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains/spatiality:">Spatiality</a></p>
</li>
<li class="data-line-57">
<p><a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains/theming:" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains/theming:">Theming</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-59">
<p>These are shown in <a href="#fig-top-level">Figure 1</a> below.</p>
</div>
<div id="fig-top-level" class="imageblock data-line-63">
<div class="content">
<img src="img/data-domains.png" alt="data domains">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 5. Top-level view of the Supermodel showing Data Domains</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-65">
<p>These Data Domains are defined formally in a simple SKOS vocabulary within this model’s set of machine-readable resources. The vocabulary may be access ddirectly at <a href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains" class="undefined" data-href="http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains">http://pid.geoscience.gov.au/def/sm/data-domains</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-67">
<p>Elements at all other levels of detail in this model are classified according to these Data Domains by use of the <code>dcat:theme</code> property, for example, the class <code>sosa:Sample</code> is within the <em>Sampling</em> Data Domain, so it is defined as follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock data-line-69">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-turtle" data-lang="turtle">sosa:Sample
a owl:Class ;
dcat:theme super:sampling ;
...
.</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2 data-line-77">
<h3 id="_level_2_central_classes">4.3. Level 2: Central Classes</h3>
<div class="paragraph data-line-79">
<p>The next level of detail after the Data Domains introduces the Central Classes. Here the most significant, general, class per Data Domain is indicated, along with the main relationships between each of them. <a href="#fig-central-classes">Figure 2</a> shows this.</p>
</div>
<div id="fig-central-classes" class="imageblock data-line-83">
<div class="content">
<img src="img/central-classes.png" alt="central classes">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 6. Next level view of the Supermodel showing Central Classes</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-85">
<p>The Central Classes of each of the Data Domains are well-used classes from well-known models. For example, the Central Class of <em>Organisation & People</em> is <a href="#PROV">[PROV]</a>'s <code>Agent</code> class which is one of the three main classes of thing in PROV and used every time PROV is used to represent causal agents. PROV is used extensively to indicate how things - data, resources, systems - come to be.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph data-line-87">
<p>A list of the Data Domains' Central Classes, their definitions, as given by their defining systems, and their defining system are given in <a href="#tbl-central-classes">Table 2</a> below.</p>
</div>
<table id="tbl-central-classes" class="tableblock frame-none grid-none stripes-even data-line-91" style="width: 75%;">
<caption class="title">Table 2. Data Domains their Central Classes and those Classes' definitions and origins</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%;">
<col style="width: 25%;">
<col style="width: 25%;">
<col style="width: 25%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Data Domain</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Central Class</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Definition</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Defined By</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Data Cataloguing</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>dcat:Dataset</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A collection of data that is listed in the catalog.</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Data Catalog Vocabulary <a href="#DCAT">[DCAT]</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Sampling</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>sosa:Sample</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A Sample is the result from an act of Sampling.</p>
<p class="tableblock">Feature which is intended to be representative of a FeatureOfInterest on which Observations may be made.</p>
<p class="tableblock">Physical samples are sometimes known as 'specimens'.</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator Ontology, within <a href="#SSN">[SSN]</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Spatiality</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>geo:Feature</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A discrete spatial phenomenon in a universe of discourse</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">GeoSPARQL Ontology <a href="#GEO">[GEO]</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Theming</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>skos:Concept</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">An idea or notion; a unit of thought</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Simple Knowledge Organization System ontology <a href="#SKOS">[SKOS]</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Organisations & People</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>prov:Agent</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">An agent is something that bears some form of responsibility for an activity taking place, for the existence of an entity, or for another agent’s activity</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">PROV-O: The PROV Ontology <a href="#PROV">[PROV]</a></p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph data-line-105">
<p>The definitions of the main relations between Central Classes are given in</p>
</div>
<table id="tbl-cc-relations" class="tableblock frame-none grid-none stripes-even data-line-109" style="width: 75%;">
<caption class="title">Table 3. Central Class main relations their definitions and origins</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3334%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Central Class</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Definition</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Defined By</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>dcat:Dataset</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A collection of data that is listed in the catalog.</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Data Catalog Vocabulary <a href="#DCAT">[DCAT]</a></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Sampling</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>sosa:Sample</code></p></td>