`Series` `index` argument should accept iterables of certain types

[Dr-Irv]

Describe the bug
For the index argument, we should support iterables, but need to be careful that we don't allow plain strings.

index={"a":3, "c": 4}

s1 = pd.Series([1, 2], index=index)
s2 = pd.Series([1, 2], index=index.keys())

t = pd.Series([1,2], index="ab")  # This should fail

Currently, s1 and s2 are rejected by pyright, but should be accepted. t is rejected as well, but I'm including it because any change we make has to make sure this still fails.

To do this, we could modify the AxesData type in _typing.pyi to include Iterable[SeriesDType], but if we do that, then a plain str is accepted. To avoid that problem, I think adding a Series.__new__() overload with index: str returning Never right at the top (and similar for Index.__new__() with the data argument) would force that to be rejected.

The above tests should be included in a PR, where s1 and s2 are accepted, but t is not.

[Dr-Irv]

To do this, we could modify the AxesData type in _typing.pyi to include Iterable[SeriesDType], but if we do that, then a plain str is accepted. To avoid that problem, I think adding a Series.__new__() overload with index: str returning Never right at the top (and similar for Index.__new__() with the data argument) would force that to be rejected.

After some simple tests, I don't think this would work.

Probably best solution for now is to allow Mapping[SeriesDtype, Any] and collections.KeysView to be part of AxesData and change the index argument of Series.__new__() to be AxesData instead of Axes

[loicdiridollou]

I ran a quick test and seems like this may not be enough:

assert_type(index, Mapping[str, Any]) ■ "assert_type" mismatch: expected "Mapping[str, Any]" but received "dict[str, int]"

index is the same as yours above and it is having issue with the inference of the Any (this is also causing issue with Mapping and SeriesDType.

[Dr-Irv]

I don't think it has to match that way. The type checkers go bidirectional. So you can't use assert_type() on the arguments you are testing.

[loicdiridollou]

Okay I dug a bit and seems like you can't pass SeriesDType as is but you need to pass a TypeVar in the Mapping and it solves the issue, see the PR, looks like it is passing the CI.