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Bash

Variables

NAME="John"
echo $NAME
echo "$NAME"
echo "${NAME}!"

Conditional execution

git commit && git push
git commit || echo "Commit failed"

Parameter expansions

name="John"
echo ${name}
echo ${name/J/j}    #=> "john" (substitution)
echo ${name:0:2}    #=> "Jo" (slicing)
echo ${name::2}     #=> "Jo" (slicing)
echo ${name::-1}    #=> "Joh" (slicing)
echo ${name:(-1)}   #=> "n" (slicing from right)
echo ${name:(-2):1} #=> "h" (slicing from right)
echo ${food:-Cake}  #=> $food or "Cake"

length=2
echo ${name:0:length}  #=> "Jo"
STR="/path/to/foo.cpp"
echo ${STR%.cpp}    # /path/to/foo
echo ${STR%.cpp}.o  # /path/to/foo.o

echo ${STR##*.}     # cpp (extension)
echo ${STR##*/}     # foo.cpp (basepath)

echo ${STR#*/}      # path/to/foo.cpp
echo ${STR##*/}     # foo.cpp

echo ${STR/foo/bar} # /path/to/bar.cpp
STR="Hello world"
echo ${STR:6:5}   # "world"
echo ${STR:-5:5}  # "world"
SRC="/path/to/foo.cpp"
BASE=${SRC##*/}   #=> "foo.cpp" (basepath)
DIR=${SRC%$BASE}  #=> "/path/to/" (dirpath)

  • ${FOO%suffix} Remove suffix

  • ${FOO#prefix} Remove prefix

  • ${FOO%%suffix} Remove long suffix

  • ${FOO##prefix} Remove long prefix

  • ${FOO/from/to} Replace first match

  • ${FOO//from/to} Replace all

  • ${FOO/%from/to} Replace suffix

  • ${FOO/#from/to} Replace prefix

  • ${#FOO} Length of $FOO

  • ${FOO:-val} $FOO, or val if not set

  • ${FOO:=val} Set $FOO to val if not set

  • ${FOO:+val} val if $FOO is set

  • ${FOO:?message} Show error message and exit if $FOO is not set

  • ${FOO:0:3} Substring (position, length)

  • ${FOO:-3:3} Substring from the right

Comment

# Single line comment
: '
This is a
multi line
comment
'

Loops

for i in /etc/rc.*; do
  echo $i
done
for i in {1..5}; do
    echo "Welcome $i"
done

# With step size

for i in {5..50..5}; do
    echo "Welcome $i"
done
while true; do
  # Forever
done
< file.txt | while read line; do
  echo $line
done

Functions

myfunc() {
    echo "hello $1"
}

# Same as above (alternate syntax)
function myfunc() {
    echo "hello $1"
}

myfunc "John"

Returning values

myfunc() {
    local myresult='some value'
    echo $myresult
}

result="$(myfunc)"
  • $# Number of arguments
  • $* All arguments
  • $@ All arguments, starting from first
  • $1 First argument

Raising errors

myfunc() {
  return 1
}
if myfunc; then
  echo "success"
else
  echo "failure"
fi

Conditionals

  • [[ -z STRING ]] Empty string

  • [[ -n STRING ]] Not empty string

  • [[ STRING == STRING ]] Equal

  • [[ STRING != STRING ]] Not Equal

  • [[ NUM -eq NUM ]] Equal

  • [[ NUM -ne NUM ]] Not equal

  • [[ NUM -lt NUM ]] Less than

  • [[ NUM -le NUM ]] Less than or equal

  • [[ NUM -gt NUM ]] Greater than

  • [[ NUM -ge NUM ]] Greater than or equal

  • [[ STRING =~ STRING ]] Regexp

  • (( NUM < NUM )) Numeric conditions

  • [[ -o noclobber ]] If OPTIONNAME is enabled

  • [[ ! EXPR ]] Not

  • [[ X ]] && [[ Y ]] And

  • [[ X ]] || [[ Y ]] Or

  • [[ -e FILE ]] Exists

  • [[ -r FILE ]] Readable

  • [[ -h FILE ]] Symlink

  • [[ -d FILE ]] Directory

  • [[ -w FILE ]] Writable

  • [[ -s FILE ]] Size is > 0 bytes

  • [[ -f FILE ]] File

  • [[ -x FILE ]] Executable

  • [[ FILE1 -nt FILE2 ]] 1 is more recent than 2

  • [[ FILE1 -ot FILE2 ]] 2 is more recent than 1

  • [[ FILE1 -ef FILE2 ]] Same files

if ping -c 1 google.com; then
  echo "It appears you have a working internet connection"
fi

if grep -q 'foo' ~/.bash_history; then
  echo "You appear to have typed 'foo' in the past"
fi

# String
if [[ -z "$string" ]]; then
  echo "String is empty"
elif [[ -n "$string" ]]; then
  echo "String is not empty"
fi

# Combinations
if [[ X ]] && [[ Y ]]; then
  ...
fi

# Equal
if [[ "$A" == "$B" ]]

# Regex
if [[ "A" =~ "." ]]

if (( $a < $b )); then
   echo "$a is smaller than $b"
fi

if [[ -e "file.txt" ]]; then
  echo "file exists"
fi

Arrays

Fruits=('Apple' 'Banana' 'Orange')
Fruits[0]="Apple"
Fruits[1]="Banana"
Fruits[2]="Orange"
echo ${Fruits[0]}           # Element #0
echo ${Fruits[@]}           # All elements, space-separated
echo ${#Fruits[@]}          # Number of elements
echo ${#Fruits}             # String length of the 1st element
echo ${#Fruits[3]}          # String length of the Nth element
echo ${Fruits[@]:3:2}       # Range (from position 3, length 2)
Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}" "Watermelon")    # Push
Fruits+=('Watermelon')                  # Also Push
Fruits=( ${Fruits[@]/Ap*/} )            # Remove by regex match
unset Fruits[2]                         # Remove one item
Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}")                 # Duplicate
Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}" "${Veggies[@]}") # Concatenate
lines=(`cat "logfile"`)                 # Read from file
for i in "${arrayName[@]}"; do
  echo $i
done

Options

set -o noclobber  # Avoid overlay files (echo "hi" > foo)
set -o errexit    # Used to exit upon error, avoiding cascading errors
set -o pipefail   # Unveils hidden failures
set -o nounset    # Exposes unset variables
set -o nullglob    # Non-matching globs are removed  ('*.foo' => '')
set -o failglob    # Non-matching globs throw errors
set -o nocaseglob  # Case insensitive globs
set -o globdots    # Wildcards match dotfiles ("*.sh" => ".foo.sh")
set -o globstar    # Allow ** for recursive matches ('lib/**/*.rb' => 'lib/a/b/c.rb')
  • Set GLOBIGNORE as a colon-separated list of patterns to be removed from glob matches.

History

history Show history
shopt -s histverify Don’t execute expanded result immediately
!!  Execute last command again
!!:s/<FROM>/<TO>/   Replace first occurrence of <FROM> to <TO> in most recent command
!!:gs/<FROM>/<TO>/  Replace all occurrences of <FROM> to <TO> in most recent command
!$:t    Expand only basename from last parameter of most recent command
!$:h    Expand only directory from last parameter of most recent command
  • !! and !$ can be replaced with any valid expansion.
!$          Expand last parameter of most recent command
!*          Expand all parameters of most recent command
!-n         Expand nth most recent command
!n          Expand nth command in history
!<command>  Expand most recent invocation of command <command>
!!:n    Expand only nth token from most recent command (command is 0; first argument is 1)
!^  Expand first argument from most recent command
!$  Expand last token from most recent command
!!:n-m  Expand range of tokens from most recent command
!!:n-$  Expand nth token to last from most recent command
  • !! can be replaced with any valid expansion i.e. !cat, !-2, !42, etc.

Miscellaneous

Numeric calculations

$((a + 200))      # Add 200 to $a
$((RANDOM%=200))  # Random number 0..200

Inspecting commands

command -V cd
#=> "cd is a function/alias/whatever"

Trap errors

trap 'echo Error at about $LINENO' ERR

# or

traperr() {
  echo "ERROR: ${BASH_SOURCE[1]} at about ${BASH_LINENO[0]}"
}

set -o errtrace
trap traperr ERR

Source relative

source "${0%/*}/../share/foo.sh"

Directory of script

DIR="${0%/*}"

Heredoc

cat <<END
hello world
END

Reading input

echo -n "Proceed? [y/n]: "
read ans
echo $ans

read -n 1 ans    # Just one character

Go to previous directory

pwd # /home/user/foo
cd bar/
pwd # /home/user/foo/bar
cd -
pwd # /home/user/foo

Subshells

(cd somedir; echo "I'm now in $PWD")
pwd # still in first directory

Redirection

python hello.py > output.txt   # stdout to (file)
python hello.py >> output.txt  # stdout to (file), append
python hello.py 2> error.log   # stderr to (file)
python hello.py 2>&1           # stderr to stdout
python hello.py 2>/dev/null    # stderr to (null)
python hello.py &>/dev/null    # stdout and stderr to (null)

python hello.py < foo.txt      # feed foo.txt to stdin for python

Case/switch

case "$1" in
  start | up)
    vagrant up
    ;;

  *)
    echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|ssh}"
    ;;
esac

printf

printf "Hello %s, I'm %s" Sven Olga
#=> "Hello Sven, I'm Olga

Getting options

while [[ "$1" =~ ^- && ! "$1" == "--" ]]; do case $1 in
  -V | --version )
    echo $version
    exit
    ;;
  -s | --string )
    shift; string=$1
    ;;
  -f | --flag )
    flag=1
    ;;
esac; shift; done
if [[ "$1" == '--' ]]; then shift; fi

Special variables

  • $? Exit status of last task
  • $! PID of last background task
  • $$ PID of shell

bash file

#!/bin/bash
# A sample Bash script, by Ryan
echo Hello World!

.sh file: /bin/bash^M: bad interpreter

  • vi file
  • :set ff=unix
  • :wq

Refrense