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02-ch2.Rmd

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@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ g <- function(x) x * f(x)
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h <- function(x) x^2 * f(x)
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```
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Next, we use `r ttcode("integrate()")` and set lower and upper limits of integration to $1$ and $\infty$ using arguments `r ttcode("lower")` and `r ttcode("upper")`. By default, `r ttcode("integrate()")` prints the result along with an estimate of the approximation error to the console. However, the outcome is not a numeric value one can readily do further calculation with. In order to get only a numeric value of the integral, we need to use the `r ttcode("$")` operator in conjunction with `r ttcode("value")`. The `r ttcode("$")` operator is used to extract elements by name from an object of type `r ttcode("list")`.
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Next, we use `r ttcode("integrate()")` and set lower and upper limits of integration to $1$ and $\infty$ using arguments `r ttcode("lower")` and `r ttcode("upper")`. By default, `r ttcode("integrate()")` prints the result along with an estimate of the approximation error to the console. However, the outcome is not a numeric value one can readily do further calculation with. In order to get only a numeric value of the integral, we need to use the `r ttcode("\\$")` operator in conjunction with `r ttcode("value")`. The `r ttcode("\\$")` operator is used to extract elements by name from an object of type `r ttcode("list")`.
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```{r, echo = T, eval = T, message = F, warning = F}
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# compute area under the density curve
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The normal distribution has some remarkable characteristics. For example, for two jointly normally distribued variables $X$ and $Y$, the conditional expectation function is linear: one can show that $$ E(Y\vert X) = E(Y) + \rho \frac{\sigma_Y}{\sigma_X} (X - E(X)). $$ The application below shows standard bivariate normally distributed sample data along with the conditional expectation function $E(Y\vert X)$ and the marginal densities of $X$ and $Y$. All elements adjust accordingly as you vary the parameters.
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<iframe height="880" width="770" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="bivariatenormalv4.html"></iframe>
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```{r, echo=FALSE, results='asis'}
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if (my_output=="html"){
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cat('
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<iframe height="880" width="770" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="bivariatenormalv4.html"></iframe>')
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} else {
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cat("\\begin{center}\\textit{This interactive part of URFITE is only available in the HTML version.}\\end{center}")
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}
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```
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<a name="chisquare"></a>
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In `r ttcode("R")`, realize this as follows:
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1. We start by defining that the next four subsequently generated figures shall be drawn in a $2\times2$ array such that they can be easily compared. This is done by calling `r ttcode("par(mfrow = c(2, 2))")` before the figures are generated.
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1. We start by defining that the next four subsequently generated figures shall be drawn in a $2\times2$ array such that they can be easily compared. This is done by calling `par(mfrow = c(2, 2))` before generating the figures.
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2. We define the number of repetitions `r ttcode("reps")` as $10000$ and create a vector of sample sizes named `r ttcode("sample.sizes")`. We consider samples of sizes $2$, $10$, $50$ and $100$.
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base
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knitr
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devtools
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readxl
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dplyr
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bindrcpp
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MASS
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kableExtra
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carData
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car
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zoo
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lmtest
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sandwich
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survival
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AER
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scales
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mvtnorm
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stargazer
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Formula
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plm
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tidyr
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np
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rddtools
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dynlm
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urca
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xts
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TTR
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quantmod
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forecast
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orcutt
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nlme

_bookdown_files/ITER_cache/latex/unnamed-chunk-144_e212e6303398702ff8119e5e36e2e432.rdb

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_bookdown_files/ITER_cache/latex/unnamed-chunk-307_7aa673412ab8431d5d01f9a374ff9d73.rdb

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_bookdown_files/ITER_cache/latex/unnamed-chunk-404_3321e4155a220e9e1a571bd913eb38e7.rdb

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