laravel

# 配置文件  config 文件夹
	# 设置
	config('app.debug');
	# 获取
	config(['app.timezone' => 'America/Chicago']);


	# 配置缓存
	php artisan config:cache

# 环境配置
.env


PHPUnit 测试或以 --env=testing


获取配置项


# 维护模式
php artisan down 		# 开启维护
php artisan up 			# 关闭维护

# 维护模板
resources/views/errors/503.blade.php


# 404页面设置   404 Not Found     
默认使用  //resaources/views/errors/404.blade.php

Route::get('/404' , function(){
	abort(404);
});


# 创建软连接  把 storage 连接到 public
php artisan storage:link




# 单元测试 (tests)
phpunit 或者 php vendor/bin/phpunit



# 优化自动加载
composer install --optimize-autoloader

# 优化路由加载
php artisan route:cache
php artisan route:clear  		# 清除




# 自定义函数 自定义类文件
	app/Helpers/functions.php

	在项目下的 commposer.json 中添加信息
	"autoload":{
		"files":[
			"app/Helpers/functions.php"
		]
	},

	composer dump-auto



# 路由  App\providers\RouteServiceProider    route
	# 基本路由
		Route::get('/', function(){
			// '/' 表示根目录
			return view('weicome');
		});
		Route::post($uri, $callback);
		Route::put($uri, $callback);
		Route::patch($uri, $callback);
		Route::delete($uri, $callback);
		Route::options($uri, $callback);

	# 实现是有方法
		Route::match(['get', 'post'], '/', function(){});
		Route::any('foo', function(){})

	# 重定向
		Route::redirect('/here', '/there', 301);

	# 命名路由  as
		Route::get('user/profile', ['as' => 'profile', function(){}]);
		Route::get('user/profile', function () {})->name('profile');
		Route::get('user/profile', 'UserController@showProfile')->name('profile');

	# 视图路由
		Route::view('/welcome', 'welcome');
		Route::view('/welcome', 'welcome', ['name' => 'Taylor']);

	# 路由命名
		# 生成 url
			$url = route('profile');
			$url = route('profile', ['id' => 1]);
			return redirect()->route('profile'); # 生成重定向
			
			Route::get('user/{id}/profile', ['as' => 'profile', funciton($id){}]);
			$url = route('profile', ['id' => 1]);
		
		# 判断当前路由是否指向了某个路由
	    	if ($request->route()->named('profile')) {}

	# 路由参数
		# 必须参数
			# 捕获 id
			Router::get('user/{id}', function ($id){});
			# 多个路由参数
			Route::get('posts/{post}/comments/{comment}', function($postId, $commentId){}); 
		# 可选参数
			Route::get('user/{name?}', function ($name = null){});
		# 正则表达式约束
			Route::get('user/{name}', function ($name) {})->where('name', '[A-Za-z]+');
			Route::get('user/{id}', function($id){})->where('id', '[0-9]+');
			Route::get('user/{id}/{name}', function ($id, $name) {})->where(['id' => '[0-9]+', 'name' => '[a-z]+']);
		# 全局设置    ( RouteServiceProvider 中的 boot )
			public function boot(Router $router)
			{
				$router->pattern('id', '[0-9]+');
				parent::boot($router);
			}

	# 路由组
		# 路由群组     as 关键字来为群组中的路由设置一个公用的路由名前缀
		Route::group(['as' => 'admin::'], function(){
			Route::get('abd', ['as' => 'abd', function(){
				//路由被命名为 'admin::abc'
			}])
		});

		# 中间件  可以在 group 之前调用 middleware 方法
		Route::middleware(['first', 'second'])->group(function () {
		    Route::get('/', function () {
		        // 使用 first 和 second 中间件
		    });

		    Route::get('user/profile', function () {
		        // 使用 first 和 second 中间件
		    });
		});

		# 命名空间 namespace        App\Http\Controllers 之后的部分
		Route::group(['namespace' => 'Admin'], function (){
			// 控制器在 'App\Http\Controllers\Admin' 命名空间下
			Route::group(['namespace' => 'User'], function(){
				//控制器在 'App\Http\Controllers\Admin\User' 命名空间下
			});
		});


		# 子域名路由
		Route::domain('{account}.myapp.com')->group(function () {
		    Route::get('user/{id}', function ($account, $id) {
		        //
		    });
		});

		Route::group(['domain'] => '{account}.myapp.com'], function(){
			Route::get('user/{id}', function($account, $id){
				//
			});
		});

		# 路由前缀
		Route::group(['prefix' => 'admin'], function(){
			Route::get('user', function(){
				// 匹配 '/admin/user' URL
			});
		});

		你还可以使用prefix 参数为路由群组指定公共路由参数
		Route::group(['prefix' => 'accounts/{account_id}'], function(){
			Route::get('detail', function($account_id){
				// 匹配 accounts/{account_id}/detail URL
			});
		});

	# 路由模型绑定
		# 隐式绑定
		Route::get('api/users/{user}', function (App\User $user) {
		    return $user->email;
		});
		
		# 自定义键名  (Eloquent 模型里面)
		public function getRouteKeyName()
		{
		    return 'slug';
		}

		# 显式绑定   (RouteServiceProvider 类中的 boot 方法)
		public function boot()
		{
		    parent::boot();
		    Route::model('user', App\User::class);
		}

		# 自定义逻辑解析  (RouteServiceProvider 类中的 boot 方法)
		public function boot()
		{
		    parent::boot();

		    Route::bind('user', function ($value) {
		        return App\User::where('name', $value)->first() ?? abort(404);
		    });
		}

		Route::get('profile/{user}', function (App\User $user) {});

	# 访问控制   
		# 每分钟 频率不超过60的路由
		Route::middleware('auth:api', 'throttle:60,1')->group(function () {
		    Route::get('/user', function () {
		        //
		    });
		});

		# 动态访问控制
			Route::middleware('auth:api', 'throttle:rate_limit,1')->group(function () {
			    Route::get('/user', function () {
			        //
			    });
			});

	# 表单   方法伪造 CSRF 保护 
 		<form action="/foo/bar" method="POST">
		    <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="PUT">
		    <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="{{ csrf_token() }}">
		</form>

		<form action="/foo/bar" method="POST">
		    @method('PUT')
		    @csrf
		</form>

	# 访问当前路由
		$route = Route::current();
		$name = Route::currentRouteName();
		$action = Route::currentRouteAction();	



# 中间件  app/Http/Middleware
	# checkAge  中间件
		namespace App\Http\Middleware;

		use Closure;
		# 处理请求前执行
		class BeforeMiddleware
		{
		    public function handle($request, Closure $next)
		    {
		        // Perform action

		        return $next($request);
		    }
		}

		class CheckAge
		{
		    /**
		     * 处理传入的请求
		     *
		     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
		     * @param  \Closure  $next
		     * @return mixed
		     */
		    public function handle($request, Closure $next)
		    {
		        if ($request->age <= 200) {
		            return redirect('home');
		        }

		        return $next($request);
		    }
		}

		# 处理请求前执行
		class AfterMiddleware
		{
		    public function handle($request, Closure $next)
		    {
		        $response = $next($request);

		        // 执行操作

		        return $response;
		    }
		}

	# 注册中间件
		# 全局中间件
			# 在 app/Http/Kernel.php 中的 $middleware 属性中列出这个中间件

		# 为路由分配中间件
			Route::get('admin/profile', function () {})->middleware('auth');
			Route::get('/', function () {)->middleware('first', 'second');

			use App\Http\Middleware\CheckAge;
			Route::get('admin/profile', function () {})->middleware(CheckAge::class);

		# 中间件组
			# 在 Http kernel 的 $middlewareGroups 属性
			Route::get('/', function () {})->middleware('web');
			Route::group(['middleware' => ['web']], function () {});

		note:  RouteServiceProvider 将 web 中间组自动应用到 routes/web.php

		# 中间件参数		
			namespace App\Http\Middleware;

			use Closure;
			class CheckRole
			{
			    public function handle($request, Closure $next, $role)
			    {
			        if (! $request->user()->hasRole($role)) {
			            // 重定向
			        }

			        return $next($request);
			    }

			}

			# 多个参数 使用 : 分隔
			Route::put('post/{id}', function ($id) {})->middleware('role:editor');

		# Terminable 中间件  响应发送到浏览器后调用
			namespace Illuminate\Session\Middleware;

			use Closure;
			class StartSession
			{
			    public function handle($request, Closure $next)
			    {
			        return $next($request);
			    }

			    public function terminate($request, $response)
			    {
			        // Store the session data...
			    }
			}

	# CSRF 白名单	
	# X-CSRF-TOKEN
	# X-XSRF-TOKEN


# 控制器  controller
	# 控制台创建
		php artisan make:controller HelloController

	# 基础控制器
		namespace App\Http\Controllers;

		use App\User;
		use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;

		class UserController extends Controller
		{
		    public function show($id)
		    {
		        return view('user.profile', ['user' => User::findOrFail($id)]);
		    }
		}

		Route::get('user/{id}', 'UserController@show');

	# 控制器和命名空间
		Route::get('foo', 'Photos\AdminController@method');

	# 单个行为控制器
		namespace App\Http\Controllers;

		use App\User;
		use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;

		class ShowProfile extends Controller
		{
		    public function __invoke($id)
		    {
		        return view('user.profile', ['user' => User::findOrFail($id)]);
		    }
		}

		Route::get('user/{id}', 'ShowProfile');

	# 控制器中间件 Middleware 
		# 路由指定
		Route::get('profile', 'UserController@show')->middleware('auth');

		# 控制器中调用
		class UserController extends Controller
		{
		    public function __construct()
		    {
		        $this->middleware('auth');
		        $this->middleware('log')->only('index');
		        $this->middleware('subscribed')->except('store');
		    }
		}

		# 闭包调用
		$this->middleware(function ($request, $next) {
		    return $next($request);
		});

	# 资源控制器
		php artisan make:controller PhotoController --resource
		
		Route::resource('photo', 'PhotoController');

		Route::resources([
		    'photos' => 'PhotoController',
		    'posts' => 'PostController'
		]);

		GET			/photo				index	photo.index
		GET			/photo/create		create	photo.create
		POST		/photo				store	photo.store
		GET			/photo/{photo}		show	photo.show
		GET			/photo/{photo}/edit	edit	photo.edit
		PUT/PATCH	/photo/{photo}		update	photo.update
		DELETE		/photo/{photo}		destroy	photo.destroy

		php artisan make:controller PhotoController --resource --model=Photo

		# 部分资源路由
			Route::resource('photos', 'PhotoController', ['only' => [
			    'index', 'show'
			]]);

			Route::resource('photos', 'PhotoController', ['except' => [
			    'create', 'store', 'update', 'destroy'
			]]);

	# API 资源路由
		Route::apiResource('photos', 'PhotoController');
		
		Route::apiResources([
			'photos' => 'PhotoController',
			'posts' => 'PostController'
		]);

		php artisan make:controller API/PhotoController --api

	# 命名资源路由
		Route::resource('photos', 'PhotoController', ['names' => [
		    'create' => 'photos.build'
		]]);

	# 命名资源路由参数
		Route::resource('user', 'AdminUserController', ['parameters' => [
		    'user' => 'admin_user'
		]]);

	# 本地化资源 URIs   (AppServiceProvider)
		use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;

		public function boot()
		{
		    Route::resourceVerbs([
		        'create' => 'crear',
		        'edit' => 'editar',
		    ]);
		}

HTTP request  请求
	# 引入 Illuminate\Http\Request

	# 自动注入
    public function store(Request $request)
    {
        $name = $request->input('name');
    }


    public function update(Request $request, $id){}


    # PSR-7 请求
    composer require symfony/psr-http-message-bridge
	composer require zendframework/zend-diactoros

	use Psr\Http\Message\ServerRequestInterface;

	Route::get('/', function (ServerRequestInterface $request) {
	    //
	});

	# 输入预处理 | 规范化
		# 中间件
			TrimStrings
			ConvertEmptyStringsToNull

	# 获取输入
		$input = $request->all();
		$name = $request->input('name');
		$name = $request->input('name', 'Sally'); 			# 默认值
		$names = $request->input('products.*.name'); 		# 获取数组
	# 从查询字符串获取输入
		$name = $request->query('name'); 					# 查询字符串
		$name = $request->query('name', 'Helen'); 			# 默认值
		$query = $request->query()
	# 通过动态属性获取输入
		$name = $request->name;
	# 获取 JSON 输入信息
		$name = $request->input('user.name');
	# 获取部分输入数据
		$input = $request->only(['username', 'password']);
		$input = $request->only('username', 'password');
		$input = $request->except(['credit_card']);
		$input = $request->except('credit_card');

		only  	返回指定的
		except  排除指定的
	# 确定是否存在输入值
		if ($request->has('name')) {}
		if ($request->has(['name', 'email'])) {}
		if ($request->filled('name')) {} 			# 不为空

	# 旧输入  
		# 闪存到 session
			$request->flash();
			return back();

			$request->flashOnly(['username', 'email']);
			$request->flashExcept('password');

		# 闪存输入后重定向
			return redirect('form')->withInput();

			return redirect('form')->withInput(
			    $request->except('password')
			);

		# 获取旧输入
			$username = $request->old('username');

			<input type="text" name="username" value="{{ old('username') }}">

	# Cookie
		# 从请求中获取 Cookie 
			$value = $request->cookie('name');

			# 使用 Cookie Facade
			$value = Cookie::get('name');

		# 将 Cookies 附加到响应
			return response('Hello World')->cookie(
			    'name', 'value', $minutes
			);

			return response('Hello World')->cookie(
			    'name', 'value', $minutes, $path, $domain, $secure, $httpOnly
			);

			Cookie::queue(Cookie::make('name', 'value', $minutes));
			Cookie::queue('name', 'value', $minutes);

			return response('')->withCookie('name', 'value', 10)

		# 生成 Cookie 实例
			$cookie = cookie('name', 'value', $minutes);
			return response('Hello World')->cookie($cookie);

	# 文件
		# 获取上传文件
			$file = $request->file('photo');

			$file = $request->photo;
		# 文件是否存在
			$request->hasFile('filekeyname');
		# 验证成功上传
			if ($request->file('photo')->isValid()) {}
		# 文件路径 & 扩展名
			$path = $request->photo->path();
			$extension = $request->photo->extension();

		# 存储上传文件
			$path = $request->photo->store('images');
			$path = $request->photo->store('images', 's3');

			$path = $request->photo->storeAs('images', 'filename.jpg');
			$path = $request->photo->storeAs('images', 'filename.jpg', 's3');
		# 其他方法
			$file->getClientOriginalName()   	# 获取文件名称
			$file->getFileName() 				# 缓存在tmp文件夹中的文件名
			$file->getRealPath() 				# 缓存在tmp文件下的文件的绝对路径,
			$file->getClientOriginalExtension() # 上传文件的后缀
			$file->getMimeType() 				# mimeType
			$request->file('fileKeyName')->move('./upload', 'newFileName') #文件保存

	# 配置可信代理   (tls/ssl https 不能生成连接时)


	# 其他方法	
		$request->method();  # 请求方法	
		$request->isMethod('get'); 			# 检测方式	
		$request->path(); 					# 请求路径	
		$request->url(); 					# 获取完整的url	
		$request->ip(); 					# 获取请求的ip

		$request->header('请求头名称'); 		# 获取请求头信息

		\Session::flash('name', 'value'); 	# 自定义删除
		session('name'); 					# 读取



	Input::file('myfile')   // 接收文件信息
	Input::all() 			// 获取值
	Input::except('name') 	// 除了name下标的值


# HTTP responses  响应
	# 创建响应
		# 字符串
			Route::get('/', function () {
    			return 'Hello World';
    		});
    	# 数组
    		Route::get('/', function () {
			    return [1, 2, 3];
			});

		note: 返回 Eloquent 集合  会自动转为 json

	# 响应对象
		Route::get('home', function () {
		    return response('Hello World', 200)->header('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
		});

	# 为响应增加头信息
		return response($content)
	            ->header('Content-Type', $type)
	            ->header('X-Header-One', 'Header Value')
	            ->header('X-Header-Two', 'Header Value');
		
		return response($content)
            ->withHeaders([
                'Content-Type' => $type,
                'X-Header-One' => 'Header Value',
                'X-Header-Two' => 'Header Value',
            ]);

    # 为响应增加 Cookie
    	return response($content)
                ->header('Content-Type', $type)
                ->cookie('name', 'value', $minutes);

        ->cookie($name, $value, $minutes, $path, $domain, $secure, $httpOnly)

        Cookie::queue(Cookie::make('name', 'value', $minutes));
		Cookie::queue('name', 'value', $minutes);

	# Cookies 和 加密  App\Http\Middleware\EncryptCookies   $except
		# 不参加加密
		protected $except = [
			'cookie_name',
		];

	# 重定向
		Route::get('dashboard', function () {
		    return redirect('home/dashboard');
		});

		Route::post('user/profile', function () {
			// Validate the request...
			return back()->withInput();
		});

	# 重定向至命名路由
		return redirect()->route('login');
		return redirect()->route('profile', ['id' => 1]);

	# 通过 Eloquent 模型填充参数
		return redirect()->route('profile', [$user]);

	# 重定向至控制器行为
		return redirect()->action('HomeController@index');

		return redirect()->action(
			'UserController@profile', ['id' => 1]
		);

	# 重定向到外部域
		return redirect()->away('https://www.google.com');

	# 重定向并使用闪存的 Session 数据
		Route::post('user/profile', function () {
		    // 更新用户的信息...

		    return redirect('dashboard')->with('status', 'Profile updated!');
		});

	# 视图响应
		return response()
            ->view('hello', $data, 200)
            ->header('Content-Type', $type);

    # JSON 响应
    	return response()->json([
		    'name' => 'Abigail',
		    'state' => 'CA'
		]);

	# 文件下载   Symfony HttpFoundation
		return response()->download($pathToFile);
		return response()->download($pathToFile, $name, $headers);
		return response()->download($pathToFile)->deleteFileAfterSend(true);

	# 流式下载
		return response()->streamDownload(function () {
		    echo GitHub::api('repo')
		                ->contents()
		                ->readme('laravel', 'laravel')['contents'];
		}, 'laravel-readme.md');

# 模型
	class User extends Model
	{
		//设置表名
		protected $table = 'user';
		//设置主键字段
		protected $primaryKey = 'user_id';
		//设置不使用默认时间字段
		public $timestamps = false;
		//允许插入的字段
		protected $fillable = ['name'];
		//不允许插入的字段
		protected $guarded = ['name'];
	}


	# 运行原生 SQL 查询
		use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
		
		# 运行 Select 查询
		$users = DB::select('select * from users where active = ?', [1]);

		# 使用命名绑定
		$results = DB::select('select * from users where id = :id', ['id' => 1]);

		# 运行插入语句
		DB::insert('insert into users (id, name) values (?, ?)', [1, 'Dayle']);

		# 运行更新语句
		$affected = DB::update('update users set votes = 100 where name = ?', ['John']);

		# 运行删除语句
		$deleted = DB::delete('delete from users');

		# 运行普通语句
		DB::statement('drop table users');

		# 监听查询事件  AppServiceProvider
		    public function boot()
		    {
		        DB::listen(function ($query) {
		            // $query->sql
		            // $query->bindings
		            // $query->time
		        });
		    }

		# 数据库事务
			DB::transaction(function () {
				DB::table('users')->update(['votes' => 1]);
				DB::table('posts')->delete();
			});

		# 处理死锁
			DB::transaction(function () {
			    DB::table('users')->update(['votes' => 1]);
			    DB::table('posts')->delete();
			}, 5);

		# 手动使用事务
			DB::beginTransaction();
			DB::rollBack();
			DB::commit();

	# 查询构造器
		use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;

		# 从数据表中获取所有行
		$users = DB::table('users')->get();

		# 从数据表中获取单行或列
		$user = DB::table('users')->where('name', 'John')->first();
		$email = DB::table('users')->where('name', 'John')->value('email');

		# 获取一列的值
		$titles = DB::table('roles')->pluck('title');
		$roles = DB::table('roles')->pluck('title', 'name');

		# 分块结果
		DB::table('users')->orderBy('id')->chunk(100, function ($users) {
		    foreach ($users as $user) {
		        // 返回 false 来阻止进一步的分块结果
		        return false;
		    }
		});

		# 聚合
		$users = DB::table('users')->count();
		$price = DB::table('orders')->max('price');
		$price = DB::table('orders')->where('finalized', 1)->avg('price');

		# 确定记录是否存在
		return DB::table('orders')->where('finalized', 1)->exists();
		return DB::table('orders')->where('finalized', 1)->doesntExist();

		# Selects
			# 指定一个 Select 语句
			$users = DB::table('users')->select('name', 'email as user_email')->get();
			# 没有重复的结果
			$users = DB::table('users')->distinct()->get();
			# 加一个字段
			$query = DB::table('users')->select('name');
			$users = $query->addSelect('age')->get();

		# 原生表达式
			$users = DB::table('users')
				->select(DB::raw('count(*) as user_count, status'))
				->where('status', '<>', 1)
				->groupBy('status')
				->get();

		# 原生方法   selectRaw 代替 select(DB::raw(''))
			# selectRow
				$orders = DB::table('orders')
	                ->selectRaw('price * ? as price_with_tax', [1.0825])
	                ->get();

	        # whereRaw / orWhereRaw
	            $orders = DB::table('orders')
	            ->whereRaw('price > IF(state = "TX", ?, 100)', [200])
	            ->get();

	        # havingRaw / orHavingRaw
	        	$orders = DB::table('orders')
                ->select('department', DB::raw('SUM(price) as total_sales'))
                ->groupBy('department')
                ->havingRaw('SUM(price) > 2500')
                ->get();

            # orderByRaw
            	$orders = DB::table('orders')
                ->orderByRaw('updated_at - created_at DESC')
                ->get();

        # joins 
        	# Inner Join 语句
	        	$users = DB::table('users')
		            ->join('contacts', 'users.id', '=', 'contacts.user_id')
		            ->join('orders', 'users.id', '=', 'orders.user_id')
		            ->select('users.*', 'contacts.phone', 'orders.price')
		            ->get();

		    # Left Join 语句
			    $users = DB::table('users')
		            ->leftJoin('posts', 'users.id', '=', 'posts.user_id')
		            ->get();

		    # Cross Join 语句
		    	$users = DB::table('sizes')
		            ->crossJoin('colours')
		            ->get();

		    # 高级 Join 语句
		    	DB::table('users')
			        ->join('contacts', function ($join) {
			            $join->on('users.id', '=', 'contacts.user_id')->orOn(...);
			        })
			        ->get();

			    DB::table('users')
			        ->join('contacts', function ($join) {
			            $join->on('users.id', '=', 'contacts.user_id')
			                 ->where('contacts.user_id', '>', 5);
			        })
			        ->get();    

			# Unions
				$first = DB::table('users')
				            ->whereNull('first_name');

				$users = DB::table('users')
				            ->whereNull('last_name')
				            ->union($first)
				            ->get();

			# Where 语句
				# 简单的 Where 语句
					$users = DB::table('users')->where('votes', '=', 100)->get();
					$users = DB::table('users')->where('votes', 100)->get();
					$users = DB::table('users')
					                ->where('votes', '>=', 100)
					                ->get();

					$users = DB::table('users')
					                ->where('votes', '<>', 100)
					                ->get();

					$users = DB::table('users')
					                ->where('name', 'like', 'T%')
					                ->get();

					$users = DB::table('users')->where([
					    ['status', '=', '1'],
					    ['subscribed', '<>', '1'],
					])->get();

			# Or 语句
				$users = DB::table('users')
                    ->where('votes', '>', 100)
                    ->orWhere('name', 'John')
                    ->get();

            # 其他 Where 语句
            	# whereBetween
            		$users = DB::table('users')->whereBetween('votes', [1, 100])->get();

            	# whereNotBetween
            		$users = DB::table('users')->whereNotBetween('votes', [1, 100])->get();

            	# whereIn / whereNotIn
            		$users = DB::table('users')->whereIn('id', [1, 2, 3])->get();
            		$users = DB::table('users')->whereNotIn('id', [1, 2, 3])->get();

            	# whereNull / whereNotNull
            		$users = DB::table('users')->whereNull('updated_at')->get();
            		$users = DB::table('users')->whereNotNull('updated_at')->get();

            	# whereDate / whereMonth / whereDay / whereYear / whereTime
            		$users = DB::table('users')->whereDate('created_at', '2016-12-31')->get();
					$users = DB::table('users')->whereMonth('created_at', '12')->get();
					$users = DB::table('users')->whereDay('created_at', '31')->get();
					$users = DB::table('users')->whereYear('created_at', '2016')->get();
					$users = DB::table('users')->whereTime('created_at', '=', '11:20')->get();

				# whereColumn
					$users = DB::table('users')->whereColumn('first_name', 'last_name')->get();
					$users = DB::table('users')->whereColumn('updated_at', '>', 'created_at')->get();
					$users = DB::table('users')->whereColumn([
	                    ['first_name', '=', 'last_name'],
	                    ['updated_at', '>', 'created_at']
	                ])->get();

	        # 参数分组
	        	DB::table('users')
		            ->where('name', '=', 'John')
		            ->orWhere(function ($query) {
		                $query->where('votes', '>', 100)
		                      ->where('title', '<>', 'Admin');
		            })
		            ->get();

		    # Where Exists 语句
		    	DB::table('users')
		            ->whereExists(function ($query) {
		                $query->select(DB::raw(1))
		                      ->from('orders')
		                      ->whereRaw('orders.user_id = users.id');
		            })
		            ->get();

		    # JSON Where 语句
		    	$users = DB::table('users')
				                ->where('options->language', 'en')
				                ->get();

				$users = DB::table('users')
				                ->where('preferences->dining->meal', 'salad')
				                ->get();

			# Ordering, Grouping, Limit, & Offset
				# orderBy
					$users = DB::table('users')->orderBy('name', 'desc')->get();

				# latest / oldest   ( 默认 created_at )
					$user = DB::table('users')
		                ->latest()
		                ->first();

		        # inRandomOrder  (随机)
		        	$randomUser = DB::table('users')
		                ->inRandomOrder()
		                ->first();

		        # groupBy / having
		        	$users = DB::table('users')
			            ->groupBy('account_id')
			            ->having('account_id', '>', 100)
			            ->get();

			        $users = DB::table('users')
		                ->groupBy('first_name', 'status')
		                ->having('account_id', '>', 100)
		                ->get();

		        # skip / take    limit offset
		        	$users = DB::table('users')->skip(10)->take(5)->get();
		        	$users = DB::table('users')->offset(10)->limit(5)->get();

		    # 条件语句
		    	$role = $request->input('role');

				$users = DB::table('users')
				                ->when($role, function ($query) use ($role) {
				                    return $query->where('role_id', $role);
				                })
				                ->get();

				# 默认排序
				$sortBy = null;
				$users = DB::table('users')
				                ->when($sortBy, function ($query) use ($sortBy) {
				                    return $query->orderBy($sortBy);
				                }, function ($query) {
				                    return $query->orderBy('name');
				                })
				                ->get();

			# 插入
				DB::table('users')->insert(
				    ['email' => 'john@example.com', 'votes' => 0]
				);

				DB::table('users')->insert([
				    ['email' => 'taylor@example.com', 'votes' => 0],
				    ['email' => 'dayle@example.com', 'votes' => 0]
				]);

				# 自增 id
				$id = DB::table('users')->insertGetId(
				    ['email' => 'john@example.com', 'votes' => 0]
				);

			# 更新
				DB::table('users')->where('id', 1)->update(['votes' => 1]);

		    # 更新 json 字段
		    	DB::table('users')
		            ->where('id', 1)
		            ->update(['options->enabled' => true]);

		    # 自增与自减
		    	DB::table('users')->increment('votes');
				DB::table('users')->increment('votes', 5);
				DB::table('users')->decrement('votes');
				DB::table('users')->decrement('votes', 5);

				DB::table('users')->increment('votes', 1, ['name' => 'John']);

			# 删除 deletes
				DB::table('users')->delete();
				DB::table('users')->where('votes', '>', 100)->delete();

				# 清空表
				DB::table('users')->truncate();

			# 悲观锁
				# 共享锁
				DB::table('users')->where('votes', '>', 100)->sharedLock()->get();
				# 更新锁
				DB::table('users')->where('votes', '>', 100)->lockForUpdate()->get();

# Eloquent (ActiveRecord)
	# 创建模型 
	php artisan make:model User

	# 生成模型时 生成数据库迁移
	php artisan make:model User --migration
	php artisan make:model User -m
	
	# 模型所对应的默认的表名是在模型后面有s, 则表名跟模型名称同名

	protected $table = 'my_flights';	# 表名
	protected $primaryKey = ''; 		# 主键名
	public $incrementing = false; 		# 主键非自增
	protected $keyType = string; 		# 主键类型

    #时间字段 created_at updated_at
	public $timestamps = false; 		# 不自动维护类型
	
	protected $dateFormat = 'U'; 		# 模型日期字段的存储格式
    const CREATED_AT = 'creation_date'; # 创建时间字段名
    const UPDATED_AT = 'last_update';	# 更新时间字段名


    protected $connection = 'connection-name';   # 数据模型专属的数据库连接

    protected $fillable = ['name']; 			 # 可以被批量赋值的属性    
    protected $guarded = ['name']; 				 # 不可被批量赋值的属性


    # 获取模型
	    use App\Flight;
		$flights = App\Flight::all();

		# 添加约束
			$flights = App\Flight::where('active', 1)
		               ->orderBy('name', 'desc')
		               ->take(10)
		               ->get();

		# 集合
			$flights = $flights->reject(function ($flight) {
			    return $flight->cancelled;
			});

		# 分块结果
			Flight::chunk(200, function ($flights) {
			    foreach ($flights as $flight) {
			        //
			    }
			});

		# 使用游标
		foreach (Flight::where('foo', 'bar')->cursor() as $flight) {
	    	//
		}

	# 检索单个模型／集合
		$flight = App\Flight::find(1);
		$flight = App\Flight::where('active', 1)->first();

		$flights = App\Flight::find([1, 2, 3]);

		# 『找不到』异常    找不到时会返回404
			$model = App\Flight::findOrFail(1);
			$model = App\Flight::where('legs', '>', 100)->firstOrFail();

		# 检索集合
			$count = App\Flight::where('active', 1)->count();
			$max = App\Flight::where('active', 1)->max('price');

	# 插入 & 更新模型
		# 插入
			$flight = new Flight;
	        $flight->name = $request->name;
	        $flight->save();

	    # 更新
	    	$flight = App\Flight::find(1);
			$flight->name = 'New Flight Name';
			$flight->save();

		# 批量更新    Eloquent 的批量更新不会触发 saved 和 updated 事件
			App\Flight::where('active', 1)
			          ->where('destination', 'San Diego')
			          ->update(['delayed' => 1]);

		# 其它创建方法
			# firstOrCreate/ firstOrNew  (不存在创建) 
				$flight = App\Flight::firstOrCreate(['name' => 'Flight 10']); 	
				$flight = App\Flight::firstOrCreate(
				    ['name' => 'Flight 10'], ['delayed' => 1]
				);
			
				$flight = App\Flight::firstOrNew(['name' => 'Flight 10']);  # 需要使用 save() 保存

			# updateOrCreate  (没匹配到存在的模型，则创建一个)
					$flight = App\Flight::updateOrCreate(
					    ['departure' => 'Oakland', 'destination' => 'San Diego'],
					    ['price' => 99]
					);		

	# 删除模型
		$flight = App\Flight::find(1);
		$flight->delete();

		# 通过主键删除模型
			App\Flight::destroy(1);
			App\Flight::destroy([1, 2, 3]);
			App\Flight::destroy(1, 2, 3);

		# 通过查询删除模型
			$deletedRows = App\Flight::where('active', 0)->delete();

		note: 批量删除时 不会触发 deleting 和 deleted 模型事件

	# 软删除  ( deleted_at 字段 )   Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDelete	
		protected $dates = ['deleted_at'];    # 需要转换成日期的属性

		Schema::table('flights', function ($table) {
		    $table->softDeletes();
		});

		# 判断当前模型是否被删除
		if ($flight->trashed()) {}

	# 查询软删除模型
		# 包括软删除的模型
			$flights = App\Flight::withTrashed()
                ->where('account_id', 1)
                ->get();

            $flight->history()->withTrashed()->get();

        # 检索软删除模型
	        $flights = App\Flight::onlyTrashed()
                ->where('airline_id', 1)
                ->get();

		# 恢复软删除模型
			$flight->restore();
			
			App\Flight::withTrashed()->where('airline_id', 1)->restore();

			$flight->history()->restore();

	# 永久删除
		$flight->forceDelete();
		$flight->history()->forceDelete();

	# 查询作用域
			# 编写全局作用域   Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Scope
			    public function apply(Builder $builder, Model $model)
			    {
			        $builder->where('age', '>', 200);
			    }

				note: 如果需要在 select 语句里添加字段，应使用 addSelect 方法，而不是 select 方法。 这将有效防止无意中替换现有 select 语句的情况

			# 应用全局作用域
			    protected static function boot()
			    {
			        parent::boot();

			        static::addGlobalScope(new AgeScope);
			    }

		# 匿名的全局作用域
		    protected static function boot()
		    {
		        parent::boot();

		        static::addGlobalScope('age', function (Builder $builder) {
		            $builder->where('age', '>', 200);
		        });
		    }

		# 取消全局作用域
			User::withoutGlobalScope(AgeScope::class)->get();  	# 取消全局作用域 AgeScope::class
			User::withoutGlobalScope('age')->get(); 			# 取消全局闭包作用域 age

			User::withoutGlobalScopes()->get();  				# 取消全部作用域
			# 取消个别 全局作用域
			User::withoutGlobalScopes([
			    FirstScope::class, SecondScope::class
			])->get();

		# 本地范围
		    public function scopePopular($query)
		    {
		        return $query->where('votes', '>', 100);
		    }

		    $users = App\User::popular()->active()->orderBy('created_at')->get();

		# 动态范围
			public function scopeOfType($query, $type)
			{
			    return $query->where('type', $type);
			}

			$users = App\User::ofType('admin')->get();

		# 事件
			retrieved 		# 检索现有模型时
			creating 		# 第一次被保存
			created 		# 第一次被保存
			updating 		# 已存在 并调用 save
			updated 		# 已存在 并调用 save
			saving			# 已存在 并调用 save
			saved 			# 已存在 并调用 save
			, deleting, deleted, restoring, restored

			#  此模型的事件映射
			protected $dispatchesEvents = [
			    'saved' => UserSaved::class,
			    'deleted' => UserDeleted::class,
			];

		# 观察者
			namespace App\Observers;
			use App\User;

			class UserObserver
			{
			    # 监听创建用户事件.
			    public function created(User $user){}

			    # 监听删除用户事件.			    
			    public function deleting(User $user){}
			}

			# 注册观察者
			namespace App\Providers;
			use App\User;
			use App\Observers\UserObserver;
			use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;

			class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
			{
			    # 运行所有应用服务
			    public function boot()
			    {
			        User::observe(UserObserver::class);
			    }

			    # 注册服务提供.
			    public function register(){}
			}






User::find(1); 	//id = 1
$user = User::where('id', 1)->get();





//操作多个数据库
DB::connection('slaver-1')->select();

//查询单条结果中的某个字段值
DB::table('user')->value('username');

//获取结果集中某一个字段的所有值
DB::table('user')->lists('username');

####连贯操作

DB::table('user')->select('name','pass')->get();
DB::raw('count(id) count')   //select里面

//设置where条件
DB::table('user')->where('name','=','名字')->get();
DB::table('user')->where('cotes','>',100)->orWhere('name','=','John')->get();
DB::table('user')->	('id',[1,100])->get();
DB::table('user')->whereIn('id',[1,2,3])->get();
//排序
DB::table('user')->orderBy('id','decs')->get();
//分页
DB::table('user')->skip(5)->take(4)->get();
skip 偏移位置
take 获取数量
//连接表
DB::table('good_test')->leftJoin('cate','cate.id','=','good_test.cid')->where('goods_test.gid','<',20)->get();
DB::table('good_test')->leftJoin('cate', function($joinOn){
	$joinOn
		->on('id', '=', 'pid')
		->orOn('cid', '=', 'vd');
})->where('goods_test.gid','<',20)->get();
//计算
DB::table('good_test')->count();
DB::table('good_test')->max('price');
DB::table('good_test')->avg('price');

####sql语句记录
//获取到生成的Sql
Model::table()->where()->toSql();

放在路由文件的最上面
Event::listen('illuminate.query',function($query){
	var_dump($query);
});

### Eloquet
#### 模型限定

eg
	order => orders
	country => countries
##### 主键字段 id

#### 操作
##### 添加
$model = new Model;
$model->age = 1;
$model->save();

##### 读取
$model = (new Model)->find(1);
echo $model->title;
echo $model['title'];

##### 删除
$model = (new Model)->find(1);
$model->delete();

##### 更新
$model = (new Model)->find(1);
$model->age = 2;
$model->save();

#### 关系
##### 一对一
return $this->hasOne('App\User', 'user_id');
##### 一对多
return $this->hasMany('App\User', 'user_id');
##### 关系创建
return $this->belongsTo('App\Country', 'country_id');
##### 多对多
return $this->belongs ToMany('App\Group', 'group_user', 'user_id', 'group_id');
###### 多对多的信息添加
$user = User::find(2);
$user->group()->attach(1);
$group = Group::find(1);
$user->group()->attch($group); //这里既可以放置一个id, 也可以放置一个模型对象
###### 多对多关系的删除
$user = User::find(1);
$group = Group::find(3);
$user->group()->detach($group);
###### 同步
$user = User::find(2);
$user->group()->sync([1,2,3]);

#### 方法
##### only()  返回集合中指定键的所有项目
$collection = collect(['product_id' => 1, 'name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100, 'discount' => false]);
$filtered = $collection->only(['product_id', 'name']);
$filtered->all();
// ['product_id' => 1, 'name' => 'Desk']

###### pluck() 获取所有集合中指定「键」 对应的值
$collection = collect([
    ['product_id' => 'prod-100', 'name' => 'Desk'],
    ['product_id' => 'prod-200', 'name' => 'Chair'],
]);
$plucked = $collection->pluck('name');
$plucked->all();
// ['Desk', 'Chair']
你也可以指定要怎么给最后出来的集合分配键：
$plucked = $collection->pluck('name', 'product_id');
$plucked->all();
// ['prod-100' => 'Desk', 'prod-200' => 'Chair']




# 视图   resources/views
	# 创建视图  resources/views/greeting.blade.php
		<html>
		    <body>
		        <h1>Hello, {{ $name }}</h1>
		    </body>
		</html>

		Route::get('/', function () {
			return view('greeting', ['name' => 'James']);
		});

		return view('admin.profile', $data);

	# 判断视图文件是否存在
		use Illuminate\Support\Facades\View;

		if (View::exists('emails.customer')) {}

	# 创建第一个可用视图
		return view()->first(['custom.admin', 'admin'], $data);

		use Illuminate\Support\Facades\View;
		return View::first(['custom.admin', 'admin'], $data);

	# 向视图传递数据
		return view('greetings', ['name' => 'Victoria']);

		return view('greeting')->with('name', 'Victoria');

	# 与所有视图共享数据  AppServiceProvider
	    public function boot()
	    {
	        View::share('key', 'value');
	    }


	asset()

	TokenMismatchException in VerifyCsrfToken.php line 53
	//说明当前的post 请求中缺少验证信息
	在每一个 xxxcsdffvcaqwertyuiopjklklf;dssdfhgjzvcxnm,.nb

	{{csrf_field()}}
	{{csrf_token()}}

	{{ method_field('PUT') }}


	{{$name}}
	@{{$name}} //不解析
	{{$name or XXX}} //默认值 XXX ($name 为 null时)
	{{isset($name)?$nme:'XXX'}} // 当$name没有时 输出 XXX
	//默认转义
	{!! $str !!}  不转义html标签

	流程控制
	@if()
	@else
	@endif

	@unless() 			//除非
	@endunless

	@for()
	@endfor

	@foreach()
	@endforeach

	@forelse() 			//foreach 的一种扩展
	@empty
	没有数据
	@endforelse

	@while()
	@endwhile

	引入
	@include('common.header');
	@include('common.header', ['page' => '文章页面']);

	@yield('content')			//单标签

	@extends('layoutes.home')
	@section('content', '更改的内容')


	@section('content')
	@show  					//父视图

	@section('content')
	@endsection 			//子视图里面显示


	@parent 				//使用父级模板
		//我是yidel的继承




	//模板解析
	return view('response');
	//设置响应头
	//设置返回内容并跳转
	return '成功<script>lcation.href="/form"</script>';





//隐式控制器  如果是goods开头的路径 都是交给GoodsController来实现
Route::controller('goods', 'GoodsController');
goods/add
function getAdd(){}


```php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;

Class IndexController extends Controller{
	public function index(Request $request)
	{
		$name = '123';
		$data = [
			'a' => 1;
		];
		//return view('my_laravel')->with('name', $name);
		//return view('my_laravel')->with('name', $name)->with('name', $name);
		return view('index', $data);
		return view('index', compact('data', 'title'));
	}

}
```

Crypt::encrypt() 		//加密
Crypt::decrypt() 		//解密

Hash::make('')		//单方面加密
Hash::check('plain-text', $hashedPassword)
Hash::needsRehash($hashed)





# 数据库迁移  migrate
	# 生成迁移  [/database/migrtions]
	php artisan make:migration create_users_table

	php artisan make:migration create_users_table --create=users
	php artisan make:migration add_votes_to_users_table --table=users

	# 迁移结构 (up 和 down)
	use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
	use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
	use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;

	class CreateFlightsTable extends Migration
	{
		#  运行数据库迁移
		public function up()
		{
			# 重命名表
			Schema::rename($from, $to);

			# 删除
			Schema::drop('users');
			Schema::dropIfExists('users');

			
			# 判断表是否存在
			if(!Schema::hasTable('table_name')){
				# 创建表 表名是  没有前缀的 带s结尾 y是 ies
				Schema::create('table_name', function(Blueprint $table){
					# 自增
					$table->tinyIncrements('id');  			# tinyint   
					$table->increments('id'); 				# int
					$table->smallIncrements('id');	 		# small
					$table->mediumIncrements('id'); 		# medium
					$table->bigIncrements('id'); 			# big int

					# 数值
					$table->tinyInteger('votes'); 			# tinyint
					$table->unsignedTinyInteger('votes'); 	# tinyint 不带符号
					$table->integer('password');			# int
					$table->unsignedInteger('votes'); 		# int 不带符号
					$table->smallInteger('votes'); 			# small
					$table->unsignedSmallInteger('votes'); 	# small 不带符号
					$table->mediumInteger('id'); 			# MEDIUMINT
					$table->unsignedMediumInteger('votes'); # mediumint 不带符号
					$table->unsignedBigInteger('votes'); 	# bigint 不带符号

					$table->decimal('amount', 8, 2); 		# decimal
					$table->unsignedDecimal('amount', 8, 2);# decimal 不带符号
					$table->double('amount', 8, 2); 		# double
					$table->float('amount', 8, 2); 			# float

					$table->uuid('id'); 					# uuid

					# 字符串
					$table->char('pwd'); 					# char
					$table->string('name', 64, false);		# varchar
					$table->mediumText('description'); 		# mediumtext
					$table->text('description'); 			# text
					$table->longText('description'); 		# longtext

					# 时间
					$table->time('sunrise'); 				# time
					$table->timeTz('sunrise'); 				# time 带时区
					$table->timestamp('added_on'); 			# timestamp
					$table->timestampTz('added_on');		# timestamp 带时区
					$table->date('created_at'); 			# date
					$table->dateTime('created_at'); 		# datetime
					$table->dateTimeTz('created_at');		# 带时区 datetime
					$table->year('birth_year'); 			# year

					$table->timestamps();					# 自动创建时间字段 可空的 created_at 和 updated_at TIMESTAMP
					$table->timestampsTz(); 				# 带时区的
					$table->softDeletes(); 					# 软删除 deleted_at
					$table->softDeletesTz(); 				# 软删除 带时区

					# 空间
					$table->geometry('positions'); 			# 几何
					$table->geometryCollection('positions');# 几何合集
					$table->lineString('positions'); 		# 线段坐标
					$table->multiLineString('positions');
					$table->multiPoint('positions');
					$table->multiPolygon('positions');
					$table->point('position');
					$table->polygon('positions');

					# 其他
					$table->ipAddress('visitor'); 			# ip 地址
					$table->macAddress('device'); 			# mac 地址
					$table->json('options'); 				# json
					$table->jsonb('options'); 				# jsonb

					$table->morphs('taggable'); 			# 相当于加入递增的 taggable_id 与字符串 taggable_type
					$table->nullableMorphs('taggable');
					$table->nullableTimestamps();


					$table->binary('data'); 				# blob
					$table->boolean('confirmed'); 			# boolean
					$table->enum('level', ['easy', 'hard']);# enum


					->after('column') 						# 在谁之后
					->autoIncrement() 						# integer 自增
					->charset('utf8') 						# 字符集
					->collation('utf8_unicode_ci') 			# 排序规则
					->comment('my comment') 				# 注释
					->default($value) 						# 默认值
					->first()								# 此字段在首位
					->nullable() 							# 允许为空
					->storedAs($expression) 				# 创建一个存储生成的字段
					->unsigned() 							# 无符号
					->useCurrent() 							# 将 timestamp 字段设置为 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP 为默认值
					->virtualAs($expression) 				# 虚拟成功的字段
					
					# 索引
					$table->primary('id'); 					# 主键索引
					$table->index('password'); 				# 普通索引
					$table->unique('username'); 			# 唯一索引
					$table->unique(['username','aa']);		# 复合索引
					$table->spatialIndex('location'); 		# 空间索引

					$table->engine = 'myisam'; 				# 设置引擎  InnoDB
					$table->charset = 'utf8'; 				# 字符集
					$table->collation = 'utf8_unicode_ci';	# 排序规则
					$table->temporary(); 					# 创建临时表
				});
			}else{
				# 调整表结构
				Schema::table('table_name', funciton ($table){
					# 判断字段是否存在
					if(!Schema::hasColumn('table_name', 'field_name')){
						$table->tinyinteger('sxe')->comment('性别');
					}

					# 修改字段类型 这里需要安装一个包, composer require doctrine/dbal
					$table->text('nickanme', 30)->change();

					# 重命名字段
					$table->renameColumn('from', 'to');

					# 删除字段
					$table->dropColumn('votes');
					$table->dropColumn(['votes', 'avatar', 'location']);  # 删除多个

					# 删除索引
					$table->dropPrimary('users_id_primary');
					$table->dropUnique('users_email_unique');
					$table->dropIndex('geo_state_index');
					$table->dropSpatialIndex('geo_location_spatialindex');

					$table->index('group_id');

					if($this->hasIndex('test','unique')){
						$table->dropPrimary('id');
					}
				});
			}

			//创建字段

		}

		//回滚的时候执行
		public funciton down()
		{
			Schema::drop('test');
		}
	}

	# 运行迁移
		php artisan migrate  			# 所有的
		php artisan migrate --force 	# 强制执行
		
		php artisan migrate:rollback   	# 回滚最后一次迁移
		php artisan migrate:rollback --step=5 	# 限制回滚迁移的个数

		# 回滚所有的数据库迁移
		php artisan migrate:reset [--database[="..."]] [--force] [--pretend]

		# 重置并重新运行所有的 migrations
		php artisan migrate::refresh 	
		php artisan migrate:fresh --seed





//迁移的时候执行

public function hasIdex($table, $name)
{
	$conn = Schema::getConnection();
	$dbschemaMabager = $conn->getDoctrineSchemaManager();
	$doctrineTable = $dbSchemaManager->listTableDetails($table);
	return $doctrineTable->hasIndex($name);
}




### 数据填充
#### 套路一
##### 创建注入文件(文件默认在 database/seed中)
php artisan make:seeder testSeeder

##### 在文件中填写注入代码
public function run()
{
	$arr = [];
	for($i = 0; $i < 20;$i++){
		$tmp = [];
		//返回20长度的随机字符串
		$tmp['username'] = str_random(20);
		$tmp['password'] = str_random(20);
		$tmp['group_id'] = rand(1,10);
		$tmp['email'] = rand(10000,99999).'@qq.com';
		$tmp['sex'] = rand(0,1);
		$tmp['age'] = rand(10, 60);

		$arr[] = $tmp;
	}
	DB::table('test')->insert($arr);
}


##### 运行指令
php artisan db:seed --class=testSeeder

#### 套路二
##### 创建注入文件
php artisan make:seeder testSeeder

##### 在文件中填写注入代码
public function run()
{
	$arr = [];
	for($i = 0; $i < 20;$i++){
		$tmp = [];
		//返回20长度的随机字符串
		$tmp['username'] = str_random(20);
		$tmp['password'] = str_random(20);
		$tmp['group_id'] = rand(1,10);
		$tmp['email'] = rand(10000,99999).'@qq.com';
		$tmp['sex'] = rand(0,1);
		$tmp['age'] = rand(10, 60);

		$arr[] = $tmp;
	}
	DB::table('test')->insert($arr);
}
y$z8v

##### 在 DatabaseSeeder
public function run()
{
	Model::unguard();
	$this->call(testSeeder::class);
	Model::reguard();
}

##### 运行指令
php artisan db:seed









# 广播频道
Broadcasting

# Artisan 命令  (make:command)
Console 

# 事件   (make:event)
Events

# 异常处理
Exceptions

# 控制器 中间件 表单请求   逻辑
Http

# 队列任务 (make:job)
Jobs

# 事件监听 (make:listener)
Listeners

# 邮件 (make:mail)
Mail

# 「事务性」通知 (make:notification)
Notifications

# 授权策略类 (make:policy)
Policies

# 服务容器中绑定服务、注册事件、以及执行其他任务
Providers

# 验证规则 (make:rule)
Rules

















# 安装
composer create-project laravel/laravel --prefer-dist



# blog 的 Laravel 项目
composer create-project laravel/laravel blog --prefer-dist
composer create-project laravel/laravel blog --prefer-dist "5.2.*"




# 服务器错误 500
linux系统上，（以ubuntu为例），nginx、php-fpm 默认安装之后都是以
www-data
用户运行的，你可以看看这两个服务的原始配置文件，建议不要修改用户，而是把你的laravel项目目录也设置属主为
www-data
如下：
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /path/to/your/laravel/project

nginx配置中的root html;去掉就好了。

# 运行环境要求

	1 php 版本 >= 5.5.9
	2 开启 rewrite 和 vhost

	# nginx 开启重写
	location / {
	    try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
	}

	3 开启 php 扩展
	vi php.ini 

	extension=php_openssl.dll
	extension=php_mbstring.dll
	extension=php_pdo_mysql.dll

	mcrypt PHP 扩展  		php的加密扩展, 提供多种加算法
	openssl 扩展				对传输的数据进行加密
	mbstring 扩展			mbstring 提供了针对多字节字符串
	Tokenizer PHP 扩展		php代码解析



resource


Note: 路由参数不能包括 `-` 字符, 需要的话可以使用_替换

MethodNotAllowedHttpException in RouteCollection.php line 218
//说明当前路由的请求方式和路由规则的请求方式不匹配

laravel 跨级啊中所有的模板文件都是存放在 resources/views







composer dump-auto

### 工具
#### debugbar安装
composer require barryvdh/laravel-debugbar

在config/app.php里面的providers添加Barryvdh\Debugbar\ServiceProvider::class,

#### postman

#### IDE Helper 安装
composer require barryvdh/laravel-ide-helper

在 config/app.php 的 providers 中添加：
Barryvdh\LaravelIdeHelper\IdeHelperServiceProvider::class,

生成辅助文件：
php artisan ide-helper:generate
提示：需要首先清除 bootstrap/compiled.php，所以生成前需要执行 php artisan clear-compiled，生成后执行 php artisan optimize

配置 composer.json 以在每次提交之后执行。
"scripts":{
    "post-update-cmd": [
        "php artisan clear-compiled",
        "php artisan ide-helper:generate",
        "php artisan optimize"
    ]
},

### 验证器
//验证
$input = Input::all();

$rules = [
	'password' => 'required|between:6,20|confirmed',
	//confirmed   -----  _confirmation
];

$message = [
	'password.required' => '新密码不能为空',
	'password.between' => '新密码必须在6-20位之间!',
];

$validator = Validator::make($input, $rules,$message);

if($validator->passes()){
	echo 'ok';
}else{
	//dd($validator->errors()->all());
	return back()->withErrors($validator);
}



public function store(Request $request)
{
    $this->validate($request, [
        'title' => 'required|unique:posts|max:255',
        'body' => 'required',
    ], [
		'username' => '用户名不能为空',
    ]);
}

<!-- /resources/views/post/create.blade.php -->

<h1>创建文章</h1>

@if (count($errors) > 0)
    <div class="alert alert-danger">
        <ul>
            @foreach ($errors->all() as $error)
                <li>{{ $error }}</li>
            @endforeach
        </ul>
    </div>
@endif


@if (count($errors) > 0)
    <figure class="highlight">
        <div class="mark">
            @foreach ($errors->all() as $error)
                <p> {{ $error }} </p>
            @endforeach
        </div>
    </figure>
@endif


#### Rules
accepted
active_url
after:YYYY-MM-DD
before:YYYY-MM-DD
alpha
alpha_dash
alpha_num
#####　数组
array
##### 范围
between:1,10
confirmed
date
date_format:YYYY-MM-DD
different:fieldname
digits:value
digits_between:min,max
##### 布尔
boolean
##### 邮箱
email
exists:table,column
##### 图片
image
##### in
in:foo,bar,...
not_in:foo,bar,...
##### 整数
integer
##### 数值
numeric
##### ip
ip
##### 最大最小值
max:value
min:value
##### 图片格式
mimes:jpeg,png
##### 正则
regex:[0-9]
##### 必填
required
required_if:field,value
required_with:foo,bar,...
required_with_all:foo,bar,...
##### 两个字段必须有一个必填
'email' => 'required_without:phone',
'phone' => 'required_without:email',

required_without_all:foo,bar,...
##### 验证字段值和指定的 字段 field 值是否相同。
same:field
##### 验证字段值的大小是否符合指定的 value 值。对于字符串来说，value 为字符数。对于数字来说，value 为某个整数值。对文件来说，size 对应的是文件大小(单位 kb)
size:value
##### 字符串
string
##### 验证字段值是否是有效的时区
timezone
unique:table,column,except,idColumn
##### Url
url



### 控制台


创建模板
php artisan make:model User
php artisan make:model User -m  //这里会自定创建一个数据迁移文件

创建中间件
php artisan make:middleware AuthMiddleware

查看路由
php artisan route:list

重新生成一个秘钥
php artisan key:generate


### 分页
$data = Model::orderBy('id', 'desc')->paginate(10);
return view('admin.model.index', compact('data'));

<div class="page_list">
    {{ $data->links() }}
</div>

<style>
    .result_content ul li span {
        font-size: 15px;
        padding: 6px 12px;
    }
</style>


### Ajax
post


function(){
	var x = new XMLHttpRequeset();

	x.onreadystatchange = function(){
		if(x.readyState == 4 && x.status == 200){
			alert(x.responseText);
		}
	}

	x.open('post', '/ajax', true);
	x.setRequestHeader('content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');

	x.send('_token={{csrf_token()}}&user=123');
}


### 　系统框架
####　请求生命周期
#####　简介
使用　现实世界　中的任何工具时，　若能了解它的运作原理，　你将会更有信心来用好他．　开发应用程序也一样

#### 门面
//获取配置文件夹  文件的内容
\Illuminate\Support\Facades\Config::get('web..web_title')

//公开分享 视图数据
\Illuminate\Support\Facades\View::share('navs', $navs);

fuzhu
### 辅助函数

#### 数组
//方法从数组中返回给定键对应的键值对列表
$array = array_pluck($array, 'developer.name', 'developer.id');

#### 路径
app_path() 		 	app文件夹的完整路径
base_path() 		项目根目录的完整路径



自动匹配 [模块 /控制器 /方法]：
Route::any('/{module}/{class}/{action}', function($module, $class, $action) {
    $ctrl = \App::make("\\App\\Http\\Controllers\\" . $module . "\\" . $class . "Controller");
    return \App::call([$ctrl, $action]);
});