Added tasks 492, 493, 495, 496, 497.

Author: ThanhNIT

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0492_construct_the_rectangle/Solution.java

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+package g0401_0500.s0492_construct_the_rectangle;
+
+// #Easy #Math
+
+public class Solution {
+    /*
+      Algorithm:
+     - start with an index i from the square root all the way to 1;
+     - if at any time, area % i == 0 (so i is a divisor of area), then it's the closest solution.
+    */
+    public int[] constructRectangle(int area) {
+        int low = (int) Math.sqrt(area);
+        while (low > 0) {
+            if (area % low == 0) {
+                return new int[] {area / low, low};
+            }
+            low--;
+        }
+        return new int[] {0, 0};
+    }
+}

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0492_construct_the_rectangle/readme.md

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+492\. Construct the Rectangle
+
+Easy
+
+A web developer needs to know how to design a web page's size. So, given a specific rectangular web page’s area, your job by now is to design a rectangular web page, whose length L and width W satisfy the following requirements:
+
+1.  The area of the rectangular web page you designed must equal to the given target area.
+2.  The width `W` should not be larger than the length `L`, which means `L >= W`.
+3.  The difference between length `L` and width `W` should be as small as possible.
+
+Return _an array `[L, W]` where `L` and `W` are the length and width of the web page you designed in sequence._
+
+**Example 1:**
+
+**Input:** area = 4
+
+**Output:** [2,2]
+
+**Explanation:** The target area is 4, and all the possible ways to construct it are [1,4], [2,2], [4,1]. But according to requirement 2, [1,4] is illegal; according to requirement 3, [4,1] is not optimal compared to [2,2]. So the length L is 2, and the width W is 2.
+
+**Example 2:**
+
+**Input:** area = 37
+
+**Output:** [37,1]
+
+**Example 3:**
+
+**Input:** area = 122122
+
+**Output:** [427,286]
+
+**Constraints:**
+
+*   <code>1 <= area <= 10<sup>7</sup></code>

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0493_reverse_pairs/Solution.java

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+package g0401_0500.s0493_reverse_pairs;
+
+// #Hard #Array #Binary_Search #Ordered_Set #Divide_and_Conquer #Segment_Tree #Binary_Indexed_Tree
+// #Merge_Sort
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+public class Solution {
+    // reference:
+    // https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/78933/very-short-and-clear-mergesort-bst-java-solutions
+    public int reversePairs(int[] nums) {
+        return mergeSort(nums, 0, nums.length - 1);
+    }
+
+    private int mergeSort(int[] nums, int start, int end) {
+        if (start >= end) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        int mid = start + (end - start) / 2;
+        int cnt = mergeSort(nums, start, mid) + mergeSort(nums, mid + 1, end);
+        for (int i = start; i <= mid; i++) {
+            // it has to be 2.0 instead of 2, otherwise it's going to stack overflow, i.e. test3 is
+            // going to fail
+            int j = mid + 1;
+            while (j <= end && nums[i] > nums[j] * 2.0) {
+                j++;
+            }
+            cnt += j - (mid + 1);
+        }
+        Arrays.sort(nums, start, end + 1);
+        return cnt;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0493_reverse_pairs/readme.md

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+493\. Reverse Pairs
+
+Hard
+
+Given an integer array `nums`, return _the number of **reverse pairs** in the array_.
+
+A reverse pair is a pair `(i, j)` where `0 <= i < j < nums.length` and `nums[i] > 2 * nums[j]`.
+
+**Example 1:**
+
+**Input:** nums = [1,3,2,3,1]
+
+**Output:** 2
+
+**Example 2:**
+
+**Input:** nums = [2,4,3,5,1]
+
+**Output:** 3
+
+**Constraints:**
+
+*   <code>1 <= nums.length <= 5 * 10<sup>4</sup></code>
+*   <code>-2<sup>31</sup> <= nums[i] <= 2<sup>31</sup> - 1</code>

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0495_teemo_attacking/Solution.java

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+package g0401_0500.s0495_teemo_attacking;
+
+// #Easy #Array #Simulation
+
+public class Solution {
+    public int findPoisonedDuration(int[] timeSeries, int duration) {
+        if (duration == 0) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        int start = timeSeries[0];
+        int end = timeSeries[0] + duration - 1;
+        int poisonDuration = end - start + 1;
+        for (int i = 1; i < timeSeries.length; i++) {
+            if (timeSeries[i] <= end) {
+                poisonDuration += (duration - (end - timeSeries[i] + 1));
+                end += (duration - (end - timeSeries[i] + 1));
+            } else {
+                start = timeSeries[i];
+                end = timeSeries[i] + duration - 1;
+                poisonDuration += end - start + 1;
+            }
+        }
+        return poisonDuration;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0495_teemo_attacking/readme.md

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+495\. Teemo Attacking
+
+Easy
+
+Our hero Teemo is attacking an enemy Ashe with poison attacks! When Teemo attacks Ashe, Ashe gets poisoned for a exactly `duration` seconds. More formally, an attack at second `t` will mean Ashe is poisoned during the **inclusive** time interval `[t, t + duration - 1]`. If Teemo attacks again **before** the poison effect ends, the timer for it is **reset**, and the poison effect will end `duration` seconds after the new attack.
+
+You are given a **non-decreasing** integer array `timeSeries`, where `timeSeries[i]` denotes that Teemo attacks Ashe at second `timeSeries[i]`, and an integer `duration`.
+
+Return _the **total** number of seconds that Ashe is poisoned_.
+
+**Example 1:**
+
+**Input:** timeSeries = [1,4], duration = 2
+
+**Output:** 4
+
+**Explanation:** Teemo's attacks on Ashe go as follows: - At second 1, Teemo attacks, and Ashe is poisoned for seconds 1 and 2. - At second 4, Teemo attacks, and Ashe is poisoned for seconds 4 and 5. Ashe is poisoned for seconds 1, 2, 4, and 5, which is 4 seconds in total.
+
+**Example 2:**
+
+**Input:** timeSeries = [1,2], duration = 2
+
+**Output:** 3
+
+**Explanation:** 
+
+Teemo's attacks on Ashe go as follows: 
+
+- At second 1, Teemo attacks, and Ashe is poisoned for seconds 1 and 2. 
+
+- At second 2 however, Teemo attacks again and resets the poison timer. Ashe is poisoned for seconds 2 and 3. Ashe is poisoned for seconds 1, 2, and 3, which is 3 seconds in total.
+
+**Constraints:**
+
+*   <code>1 <= timeSeries.length <= 10<sup>4</sup></code>
+*   <code>0 <= timeSeries[i], duration <= 10<sup>7</sup></code>
+*   `timeSeries` is sorted in **non-decreasing** order.

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0496_next_greater_element_i/Solution.java

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+package g0401_0500.s0496_next_greater_element_i;
+
+// #Easy #Array #Hash_Table #Stack #Monotonic_Stack
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+public class Solution {
+    public int[] nextGreaterElement(int[] nums1, int[] nums2) {
+        Map<Integer, Integer> indexMap = new HashMap<>();
+        for (int i = 0; i < nums2.length; i++) {
+            indexMap.put(nums2[i], i);
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < nums1.length; i++) {
+            int num = nums1[i];
+            int index = indexMap.get(num);
+            if (index == nums2.length - 1) {
+                nums1[i] = -1;
+            } else {
+                boolean found = false;
+                while (index < nums2.length) {
+                    if (nums2[index] > num) {
+                        nums1[i] = nums2[index];
+                        found = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    index++;
+                }
+                if (!found) {
+                    nums1[i] = -1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return nums1;
+    }
+}

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0496_next_greater_element_i/readme.md

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+496\. Next Greater Element I
+
+Easy
+
+The **next greater element** of some element `x` in an array is the **first greater** element that is **to the right** of `x` in the same array.
+
+You are given two **distinct 0-indexed** integer arrays `nums1` and `nums2`, where `nums1` is a subset of `nums2`.
+
+For each `0 <= i < nums1.length`, find the index `j` such that `nums1[i] == nums2[j]` and determine the **next greater element** of `nums2[j]` in `nums2`. If there is no next greater element, then the answer for this query is `-1`.
+
+Return _an array_ `ans` _of length_ `nums1.length` _such that_ `ans[i]` _is the **next greater element** as described above._
+
+**Example 1:**
+
+**Input:** nums1 = [4,1,2], nums2 = [1,3,4,2]
+
+**Output:** [-1,3,-1]
+
+**Explanation:** 
+
+The next greater element for each value of nums1 is as follows: 
+
+- 4 is underlined in nums2 = [1,3,4,2]. There is no next greater element, so the answer is -1. 
+
+- 1 is underlined in nums2 = [1,3,4,2]. The next greater element is 3. 
+
+- 2 is underlined in nums2 = [1,3,4,2]. There is no next greater element, so the answer is -1.
+
+**Example 2:**
+
+**Input:** nums1 = [2,4], nums2 = [1,2,3,4]
+
+**Output:** [3,-1]
+
+**Explanation:** 
+
+The next greater element for each value of nums1 is as follows: 
+
+- 2 is underlined in nums2 = [1,2,3,4]. The next greater element is 3. 
+
+- 4 is underlined in nums2 = [1,2,3,4]. There is no next greater element, so the answer is -1.
+
+**Constraints:**
+
+*   `1 <= nums1.length <= nums2.length <= 1000`
+*   <code>0 <= nums1[i], nums2[i] <= 10<sup>4</sup></code>
+*   All integers in `nums1` and `nums2` are **unique**.
+*   All the integers of `nums1` also appear in `nums2`.
+
+**Follow up:** Could you find an `O(nums1.length + nums2.length)` solution?

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0497_random_point_in_non_overlapping_rectangles/Solution.java

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+package g0401_0500.s0497_random_point_in_non_overlapping_rectangles;
+
+// #Medium #Math #Binary_Search #Prefix_Sum #Ordered_Set #Randomized #Reservoir_Sampling
+
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+
+public class Solution {
+    private final int[] weights;
+    private final int[][] rects;
+    private final SecureRandom random;
+
+    public Solution(int[][] rects) {
+        this.weights = new int[rects.length];
+        this.rects = rects;
+        this.random = new SecureRandom();
+        for (int i = 0; i < rects.length; i++) {
+            int[] rect = rects[i];
+            int count = (1 + rect[2] - rect[0]) * (1 + rect[3] - rect[1]);
+            weights[i] = (i == 0 ? 0 : weights[i - 1]) + count;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public int[] pick() {
+        int picked = 1 + random.nextInt(weights[weights.length - 1]);
+        int idx = findGreaterOrEqual(picked);
+        return getRandomPoint(idx);
+    }
+
+    private int findGreaterOrEqual(int target) {
+        int left = 0;
+        int right = weights.length - 1;
+        while (left + 1 < right) {
+            int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
+            if (weights[mid] >= target) {
+                right = mid;
+            } else {
+                left = mid + 1;
+            }
+        }
+        return weights[left] >= target ? left : right;
+    }
+
+    private int[] getRandomPoint(int idx) {
+        int[] r = rects[idx];
+        int left = r[0];
+        int right = r[2];
+        int bot = r[1];
+        int top = r[3];
+        return new int[] {
+            left + random.nextInt(right - left + 1), bot + random.nextInt(top - bot + 1)
+        };
+    }
+}

src/main/java/g0401_0500/s0497_random_point_in_non_overlapping_rectangles/readme.md

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+497\. Random Point in Non-overlapping Rectangles
+
+Medium
+
+You are given an array of non-overlapping axis-aligned rectangles `rects` where <code>rects[i] = [a<sub>i</sub>, b<sub>i</sub>, x<sub>i</sub>, y<sub>i</sub>]</code> indicates that <code>(a<sub>i</sub>, b<sub>i</sub>)</code> is the bottom-left corner point of the <code>i<sup>th</sup></code> rectangle and <code>(x<sub>i</sub>, y<sub>i</sub>)</code> is the top-right corner point of the <code>i<sup>th</sup></code> rectangle. Design an algorithm to pick a random integer point inside the space covered by one of the given rectangles. A point on the perimeter of a rectangle is included in the space covered by the rectangle.
+
+Any integer point inside the space covered by one of the given rectangles should be equally likely to be returned.
+
+**Note** that an integer point is a point that has integer coordinates.
+
+Implement the `Solution` class:
+
+*   `Solution(int[][] rects)` Initializes the object with the given rectangles `rects`.
+*   `int[] pick()` Returns a random integer point `[u, v]` inside the space covered by one of the given rectangles.
+
+**Example 1:**
+
+![](https://assets.leetcode.com/uploads/2021/07/24/lc-pickrandomrec.jpg)
+
+**Input** ["Solution", "pick", "pick", "pick", "pick", "pick"] [[[[-2, -2, 1, 1], [2, 2, 4, 6]]], [], [], [], [], []]
+
+**Output:** [null, [1, -2], [1, -1], [-1, -2], [-2, -2], [0, 0]]
+
+**Explanation:** 
+
+    Solution solution = new Solution([[-2, -2, 1, 1], [2, 2, 4, 6]]);
+    solution.pick(); // return [1, -2]
+    solution.pick(); // return [1, -1]
+    solution.pick(); // return [-1, -2]
+    solution.pick(); // return [-2, -2]
+    solution.pick(); // return [0, 0]
+
+**Constraints:**
+
+*   `1 <= rects.length <= 100`
+*   `rects[i].length == 4`
+*   <code>-10<sup>9</sup> <= a<sub>i</sub> < x<sub>i</sub> <= 10<sup>9</sup></code>
+*   <code>-10<sup>9</sup> <= b<sub>i</sub> < y<sub>i</sub> <= 10<sup>9</sup></code>
+*   <code>x<sub>i</sub> - a<sub>i</sub> <= 2000</code>
+*   <code>y<sub>i</sub> - b<sub>i</sub> <= 2000</code>
+*   All the rectangles do not overlap.
+*   At most <code>10<sup>4</sup></code> calls will be made to `pick`.

src/test/java/g0401_0500/s0492_construct_the_rectangle/SolutionTest.java

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+package g0401_0500.s0492_construct_the_rectangle;
+
+import static org.hamcrest.CoreMatchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+class SolutionTest {
+    @Test
+    void constructRectangle() {
+        assertThat(new Solution().constructRectangle(4), equalTo(new int[] {2, 2}));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void constructRectangle2() {
+        assertThat(new Solution().constructRectangle(37), equalTo(new int[] {37, 1}));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void constructRectangle3() {
+        assertThat(new Solution().constructRectangle(122122), equalTo(new int[] {427, 286}));
+    }
+}