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xml2abc.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=latin-1
'''
Copyright (C) 2012-2018: W.G. Vree
Contributions: M. Tarenskeen, N. Liberg, Paul Villiger, Janus Meuris, Larry Myerscough,
Dick Jackson, Jan Wybren de Jong, Mark Zealey.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the
Lesser GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation;
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
See the Lesser GNU General Public License for more details. <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html>.
'''
try: import xml.etree.cElementTree as E
except: import xml.etree.ElementTree as E
import os, sys, types, re, math
VERSION = 147
python3 = sys.version_info.major > 2
if python3:
tupletype = tuple
listtype = list
max_int = sys.maxsize
else:
tupletype = types.TupleType
listtype = types.ListType
max_int = sys.maxint
note_ornamentation_map = { # for notations/, modified from EasyABC
'ornaments/trill-mark': 'T',
'ornaments/mordent': 'M',
'ornaments/inverted-mordent': 'P',
'ornaments/turn': '!turn!',
'ornaments/inverted-turn': '!invertedturn!',
'technical/up-bow': 'u',
'technical/down-bow': 'v',
'technical/harmonic': '!open!',
'technical/open-string': '!open!',
'technical/stopped': '!plus!',
'technical/snap-pizzicato': '!snap!',
'technical/thumb-position': '!thumb!',
'articulations/accent': '!>!',
'articulations/strong-accent':'!^!',
'articulations/staccato': '.',
'articulations/staccatissimo':'!wedge!',
'articulations/scoop': '!slide!',
'fermata': '!fermata!',
'arpeggiate': '!arpeggio!',
'articulations/tenuto': '!tenuto!',
'articulations/staccatissimo':'!wedge!', # not sure whether this is the right translation
'articulations/spiccato': '!wedge!', # not sure whether this is the right translation
'articulations/breath-mark': '!breath!', # this may need to be tested to make sure it appears on the right side of the note
'articulations/detached-legato': '!tenuto!.',
}
dynamics_map = { # for direction/direction-type/dynamics/
'p': '!p!',
'pp': '!pp!',
'ppp': '!ppp!',
'pppp': '!pppp!',
'f': '!f!',
'ff': '!ff!',
'fff': '!fff!',
'ffff': '!ffff!',
'mp': '!mp!',
'mf': '!mf!',
'sfz': '!sfz!',
}
percSvg = '''%%beginsvg
<defs>
<text id="x" x="-3" y="0"></text>
<text id="x-" x="-3" y="0"></text>
<text id="x+" x="-3" y="0"></text>
<text id="normal" x="-3.7" y="0"></text>
<text id="normal-" x="-3.7" y="0"></text>
<text id="normal+" x="-3.7" y="0"></text>
<g id="circle-x"><text x="-3" y="0"></text><circle r="4" class="stroke"></circle></g>
<g id="circle-x-"><text x="-3" y="0"></text><circle r="4" class="stroke"></circle></g>
<path id="triangle" d="m-4 -3.2l4 6.4 4 -6.4z" class="stroke" style="stroke-width:1.4"></path>
<path id="triangle-" d="m-4 -3.2l4 6.4 4 -6.4z" class="stroke" style="stroke-width:1.4"></path>
<path id="triangle+" d="m-4 -3.2l4 6.4 4 -6.4z" class="stroke" style="fill:#000"></path>
<path id="square" d="m-3.5 3l0 -6.2 7.2 0 0 6.2z" class="stroke" style="stroke-width:1.4"></path>
<path id="square-" d="m-3.5 3l0 -6.2 7.2 0 0 6.2z" class="stroke" style="stroke-width:1.4"></path>
<path id="square+" d="m-3.5 3l0 -6.2 7.2 0 0 6.2z" class="stroke" style="fill:#000"></path>
<path id="diamond" d="m0 -3l4.2 3.2 -4.2 3.2 -4.2 -3.2z" class="stroke" style="stroke-width:1.4"></path>
<path id="diamond-" d="m0 -3l4.2 3.2 -4.2 3.2 -4.2 -3.2z" class="stroke" style="stroke-width:1.4"></path>
<path id="diamond+" d="m0 -3l4.2 3.2 -4.2 3.2 -4.2 -3.2z" class="stroke" style="fill:#000"></path>
</defs>
%%endsvg'''
tabSvg = '''%%beginsvg
<style type="text/css">
.bf {font-family:sans-serif; font-size:7px}
</style>
<defs>
<rect id="clr" x="-3" y="-1" width="6" height="5" fill="white"></rect>
<rect id="clr2" x="-3" y="-1" width="11" height="5" fill="white"></rect>'''
kopSvg = '<g id="kop%s" class="bf"><use xlink:href="#clr"></use><text x="-2" y="3">%s</text></g>\n'
kopSvg2 = '<g id="kop%s" class="bf"><use xlink:href="#clr2"></use><text x="-2" y="3">%s</text></g>\n'
info_list = [] # diagnostic messages
def info (s, warn=1):
x = ('-- ' if warn else '') + s + '\n'
info_list.append (x)
if __name__ == '__main__': # only when run from the command line
sys.stderr.write (x)
#-------------------
# data abstractions
#-------------------
class Measure:
def __init__ (s, p):
s.reset ()
s.ixp = p # part number
s.ixm = 0 # measure number
s.mdur = 0 # measure duration (nominal metre value in divisions)
s.divs = 0 # number of divisions per 1/4
s.mtr = 4,4 # meter
def reset (s): # reset each measure
s.attr = '' # measure signatures, tempo
s.lline = '' # left barline, but only holds ':' at start of repeat, otherwise empty
s.rline = '|' # right barline
s.lnum = '' # (left) volta number
class Note:
def __init__ (s, dur=0, n=None):
s.tijd = 0 # the time in XML division units
s.dur = dur # duration of a note in XML divisions
s.fact = None # time modification for tuplet notes (num, div)
s.tup = [''] # start(s) and/or stop(s) of tuplet
s.tupabc = '' # abc tuplet string to issue before note
s.beam = 0 # 1 = beamed
s.grace = 0 # 1 = grace note
s.before = [] # abc string that goes before the note/chord
s.after = '' # the same after the note/chord
s.ns = n and [n] or [] # notes in the chord
s.lyrs = {} # {number -> syllabe}
s.tab = None # (string number, fret number)
s.ntdec = '' # !string!, !courtesy!
class Elem:
def __init__ (s, string):
s.tijd = 0 # the time in XML division units
s.str = string # any abc string that is not a note
class Counter:
def inc (s, key, voice): s.counters [key][voice] = s.counters [key].get (voice, 0) + 1
def clear (s, vnums): # reset all counters
tups = list( zip (vnums.keys (), len (vnums) * [0]))
s.counters = {'note': dict (tups), 'nopr': dict (tups), 'nopt': dict (tups)}
def getv (s, key, voice): return s.counters[key][voice]
def prcnt (s, ip): # print summary of all non zero counters
for iv in s.counters ['note']:
if s.getv ('nopr', iv) != 0:
info ( 'part %d, voice %d has %d skipped non printable notes' % (ip, iv, s.getv ('nopr', iv)))
if s.getv ('nopt', iv) != 0:
info ( 'part %d, voice %d has %d notes without pitch' % (ip, iv, s.getv ('nopt', iv)))
if s.getv ('note', iv) == 0: # no real notes counted in this voice
info ( 'part %d, skipped empty voice %d' % (ip, iv))
class Music:
def __init__(s, options):
s.tijd = 0 # the current time
s.maxtime = 0 # maximum time in a measure
s.gMaten = [] # [voices,.. for all measures in a part]
s.gLyrics = [] # [{num: (abc_lyric_string, melis)},.. for all measures in a part]
s.vnums = {} # all used voice id's in a part (xml voice id's == numbers)
s.cnt = Counter () # global counter object
s.vceCnt = 1 # the global voice count over all parts
s.lastnote = None # the last real note record inserted in s.voices
s.bpl = options.b # the max number of bars per line when writing abc
s.cpl = options.n # the number of chars per line when writing abc
s.repbra = 0 # true if volta is used somewhere
s.nvlt = options.v # no volta on higher voice numbers
s.jscript = options.j # compatibility with javascript version
def initVoices (s, newPart=0):
s.vtimes, s.voices, s.lyrics = {}, {}, {}
for v in s.vnums:
s.vtimes [v] = 0 # {voice: the end time of the last item in each voice}
s.voices [v] = [] # {voice: [Note|Elem, ..]}
s.lyrics [v] = [] # {voice: [{num: syl}, ..]}
if newPart: s.cnt.clear (s.vnums) # clear counters once per part
def incTime (s, dt):
s.tijd += dt
if s.tijd < 0: s.tijd = 0 # erroneous <backup> element
if s.tijd > s.maxtime: s.maxtime = s.tijd
def appendElemCv (s, voices, elem):
for v in voices:
s.appendElem (v, elem) # insert element in all voices
def insertElem (s, v, elem): # insert at the start of voice v in the current measure
obj = Elem (elem)
obj.tijd = 0 # because voice is sorted later
s.voices [v].insert (0, obj)
def appendObj (s, v, obj, dur):
obj.tijd = s.tijd
s.voices [v].append (obj)
s.incTime (dur)
if s.tijd > s.vtimes[v]: s.vtimes[v] = s.tijd # don't update for inserted earlier items
def appendElem (s, v, elem, tel=0):
s.appendObj (v, Elem (elem), 0)
if tel: s.cnt.inc ('note', v) # count number of certain elements in each voice (in addition to notes)
def appendElemT (s, v, elem, tijd): # insert element at specified time
obj = Elem (elem)
obj.tijd = tijd
s.voices [v].append (obj)
def appendNote (s, v, note, noot):
note.ns.append (note.ntdec + noot)
s.appendObj (v, note, int (note.dur))
s.lastnote = note # remember last note/rest for later modifications (chord, grace)
if noot != 'z' and noot != 'x': # real notes and grace notes
s.cnt.inc ('note', v) # count number of real notes in each voice
if not note.grace: # for every real note
s.lyrics[v].append (note.lyrs) # even when it has no lyrics
def getLastRec (s, voice):
if s.gMaten: return s.gMaten[-1][voice][-1] # the last record in the last measure
return None # no previous records in the first measure
def getLastMelis (s, voice, num): # get melisma of last measure
if s.gLyrics:
lyrdict = s.gLyrics[-1][voice] # the previous lyrics dict in this voice
if num in lyrdict: return lyrdict[num][1] # lyrdict = num -> (lyric string, melisma)
return 0 # no previous lyrics in voice or line number
def addChord (s, note, noot): # careful: we assume that chord notes follow immediately
for d in note.before: # put all decorations before chord
if d not in s.lastnote.before:
s.lastnote.before += [d]
s.lastnote.ns.append (note.ntdec + noot)
def addBar (s, lbrk, m): # linebreak, measure data
if m.mdur and s.maxtime > m.mdur: info ('measure %d in part %d longer than metre' % (m.ixm+1, m.ixp+1))
s.tijd = s.maxtime # the time of the bar lines inserted here
for v in s.vnums:
if m.lline or m.lnum: # if left barline or left volta number
p = s.getLastRec (v) # get the previous barline record
if p: # in measure 1 no previous measure is available
x = p.str # p.str is the ABC barline string
if m.lline: # append begin of repeat, m.lline == ':'
x = (x + m.lline).replace (':|:','::').replace ('||','|')
if s.nvlt == 3: # add volta number only to lowest voice in part 0
if m.ixp + v == min (s.vnums): x += m.lnum
elif m.lnum: # new behaviour with I:repbra 0
x += m.lnum # add volta number(s) or text to all voices
s.repbra = 1 # signal occurrence of a volta
p.str = x # modify previous right barline
elif m.lline: # begin of new part and left repeat bar is required
s.insertElem (v, '|:')
if lbrk:
p = s.getLastRec (v) # get the previous barline record
if p: p.str += lbrk # insert linebreak char after the barlines+volta
if m.attr: # insert signatures at front of buffer
s.insertElem (v, '%s' % m.attr)
s.appendElem (v, ' %s' % m.rline) # insert current barline record at time maxtime
s.voices[v] = sortMeasure (s.voices[v], m) # make all times consistent
lyrs = s.lyrics[v] # [{number: sylabe}, .. for all notes]
lyrdict = {} # {number: (abc_lyric_string, melis)} for this voice
nums = [num for d in lyrs for num in d.keys ()] # the lyrics numbers in this measure
maxNums = max (nums + [0]) # the highest lyrics number in this measure
for i in range (maxNums, 0, -1):
xs = [syldict.get (i, '') for syldict in lyrs] # collect the syllabi with number i
melis = s.getLastMelis (v, i) # get melisma from last measure
lyrdict [i] = abcLyr (xs, melis)
s.lyrics[v] = lyrdict # {number: (abc_lyric_string, melis)} for this measure
mkBroken (s.voices[v])
s.gMaten.append (s.voices)
s.gLyrics.append (s.lyrics)
s.tijd = s.maxtime = 0
s.initVoices ()
def outVoices (s, divs, ip, isSib): # output all voices of part ip
vvmap = {} # xml voice number -> abc voice number (one part)
vnum_keys = list (s.vnums.keys ())
if s.jscript or isSib: vnum_keys.sort ()
lvc = min (vnum_keys or [1]) # lowest xml voice number of this part
for iv in vnum_keys:
if s.cnt.getv ('note', iv) == 0: # no real notes counted in this voice
continue # skip empty voices
if abcOut.denL: unitL = abcOut.denL # take the unit length from the -d option
else: unitL = compUnitLength (iv, s.gMaten, divs) # compute the best unit length for this voice
abcOut.cmpL.append (unitL) # remember for header output
vn, vl = [], {} # for voice iv: collect all notes to vn and all lyric lines to vl
for im in range (len (s.gMaten)):
measure = s.gMaten [im][iv]
vn.append (outVoice (measure, divs [im], im, ip, unitL))
checkMelismas (s.gLyrics, s.gMaten, im, iv)
for n, (lyrstr, melis) in s.gLyrics [im][iv].items ():
if n in vl:
while len (vl[n]) < im: vl[n].append ('') # fill in skipped measures
vl[n].append (lyrstr)
else:
vl[n] = im * [''] + [lyrstr] # must skip im measures
for n, lyrs in vl.items (): # fill up possibly empty lyric measures at the end
mis = len (vn) - len (lyrs)
lyrs += mis * ['']
abcOut.add ('V:%d' % s.vceCnt)
if s.repbra:
if s.nvlt == 1 and s.vceCnt > 1: abcOut.add ('I:repbra 0') # only volta on first voice
if s.nvlt == 2 and iv > lvc: abcOut.add ('I:repbra 0') # only volta on first voice of each part
if s.cpl > 0: s.bpl = 0 # option -n (max chars per line) overrules -b (max bars per line)
elif s.bpl == 0: s.cpl = 100 # the default: 100 chars per line
bn = 0 # count bars
while vn: # while still measures available
ib = 1
chunk = vn [0]
while ib < len (vn):
if s.cpl > 0 and len (chunk) + len (vn [ib]) >= s.cpl: break # line full (number of chars)
if s.bpl > 0 and ib >= s.bpl: break # line full (number of bars)
chunk += vn [ib]
ib += 1
bn += ib
abcOut.add (chunk + ' %%%d' % bn) # line with barnumer
del vn[:ib] # chop ib bars
lyrlines = sorted (vl.items ()) # order the numbered lyric lines for output
for n, lyrs in lyrlines:
abcOut.add ('w: ' + '|'.join (lyrs[:ib]) + '|')
del lyrs[:ib]
vvmap [iv] = s.vceCnt # xml voice number -> abc voice number
s.vceCnt += 1 # count voices over all parts
s.gMaten = [] # reset the follwing instance vars for each part
s.gLyrics = []
s.cnt.prcnt (ip+1) # print summary of skipped items in this part
return vvmap
class ABCoutput:
pagekeys = 'scale,pageheight,pagewidth,leftmargin,rightmargin,topmargin,botmargin'.split (',')
def __init__ (s, fnmext, pad, X, options):
s.fnmext = fnmext
s.outlist = [] # list of ABC strings
s.title = 'T:Title'
s.key = 'none'
s.clefs = {} # clefs for all abc-voices
s.mtr = 'none'
s.tempo = 0 # 0 -> no tempo field
s.tempo_units = (1,4) # note type of tempo direction
s.pad = pad # the output path or none
s.X = X + 1 # the abc tune number
s.denL = options.d # denominator of the unit length (L:) from -d option
s.volpan = int (options.m) # 0 -> no %%MIDI, 1 -> only program, 2 -> all %%MIDI
s.cmpL = [] # computed optimal unit length for all voices
s.jscript = options.j # compatibility with javascript version
s.tstep = options.t # translate percmap to voicemap
s.stemless = 0 # use U:s=!stemless!
s.shiftStem = options.s # shift note heads 3 units left
s.dojef = 0 # => s.tstep in mkHeader
if pad:
_, base_name = os.path.split (fnmext)
s.outfile = open (os.path.join (pad, base_name), 'w')
else: s.outfile = sys.stdout
if s.jscript: s.X = 1 # always X:1 in javascript version
s.pageFmt = {}
for k in s.pagekeys: s.pageFmt [k] = None
if len (options.p) == 7:
for k, v in zip (s.pagekeys, options.p):
try: s.pageFmt [k] = float (v)
except: info ('illegal float %s for %s', (k, v)); continue
def add (s, str):
s.outlist.append (str + '\n') # collect all ABC output
def mkHeader (s, stfmap, partlist, midimap, vmpdct, koppen): # stfmap = [parts], part = [staves], stave = [voices]
accVce, accStf, staffs = [], [], stfmap[:] # staffs is consumed
for x in partlist: # collect partnames into accVce and staff groups into accStf
try: prgroupelem (x, ('', ''), '', stfmap, accVce, accStf)
except: info ('lousy musicxml: error in part-list')
staves = ' '.join (accStf)
clfnms = {}
for part, (partname, partabbrv) in zip (staffs, accVce):
if not part: continue # skip empty part
firstVoice = part[0][0] # the first voice number in this part
nm = partname.replace ('\n','\\n').replace ('.:','.').strip (':')
snm = partabbrv.replace ('\n','\\n').replace ('.:','.').strip (':')
clfnms [firstVoice] = (nm and 'nm="%s"' % nm or '') + (snm and ' snm="%s"' % snm or '')
hd = ['X:%d\n%s\n' % (s.X, s.title)]
for i, k in enumerate (s.pagekeys):
if s.jscript and k in ['pageheight','topmargin', 'botmargin']: continue
if s.pageFmt [k] != None: hd.append ('%%%%%s %.2f%s\n' % (k, s.pageFmt [k], i > 0 and 'cm' or ''))
if staves and len (accStf) > 1: hd.append ('%%score ' + staves + '\n')
tempo = s.tempo and 'Q:%d/%d=%s\n' % (s.tempo_units [0], s.tempo_units [1], s.tempo) or '' # default no tempo field
d = {} # determine the most frequently occurring unit length over all voices
for x in s.cmpL: d[x] = d.get (x, 0) + 1
if s.jscript: defLs = sorted (d.items (), key=lambda x: (-x[1], x[0])) # when tie (1) sort on key (0)
else: defLs = sorted (d.items (), key=lambda x: -x[1])
defL = s.denL and s.denL or defLs [0][0] # override default unit length with -d option
hd.append ('L:1/%d\n%sM:%s\n' % (defL, tempo, s.mtr))
hd.append ('I:linebreak $\nK:%s\n' % s.key)
if s.stemless: hd.append ('U:s=!stemless!\n')
vxs = sorted (vmpdct.keys ())
for vx in vxs: hd.extend (vmpdct [vx])
s.dojef = 0 # translate percmap to voicemap
for vnum, clef in s.clefs.items ():
ch, prg, vol, pan = midimap [vnum-1][:4]
dmap = midimap [vnum - 1][4:] # map of abc percussion notes to midi notes
if dmap and 'perc' not in clef: clef = (clef + ' map=perc').strip ();
hd.append ('V:%d %s %s\n' % (vnum, clef, clfnms.get (vnum, '')))
if vnum in vmpdct:
hd.append ('%%%%voicemap tab%d\n' % vnum)
hd.append ('K:none\nM:none\n%%clef none\n%%staffscale 1.6\n%%flatbeams true\n%%stemdir down\n')
if 'perc' in clef: hd.append ('K:none\n'); # no key for a perc voice
if s.volpan > 1: # option -m 2 -> output all recognized midi commands when needed and present in xml
if ch > 0 and ch != vnum: hd.append ('%%%%MIDI channel %d\n' % ch)
if prg > 0: hd.append ('%%%%MIDI program %d\n' % (prg - 1))
if vol >= 0: hd.append ('%%%%MIDI control 7 %.0f\n' % vol) # volume == 0 is possible ...
if pan >= 0: hd.append ('%%%%MIDI control 10 %.0f\n' % pan)
elif s.volpan > 0: # default -> only output midi program command when present in xml
if dmap and ch > 0: hd.append ('%%%%MIDI channel %d\n' % ch) # also channel if percussion part
if prg > 0: hd.append ('%%%%MIDI program %d\n' % (prg - 1))
for abcNote, step, midiNote, notehead in dmap:
if not notehead: notehead = 'normal'
if abcMid (abcNote) != midiNote or abcNote != step:
if s.volpan > 0: hd.append ('%%%%MIDI drummap %s %s\n' % (abcNote, midiNote))
hd.append ('I:percmap %s %s %s %s\n' % (abcNote, step, midiNote, notehead))
s.dojef = s.tstep # == options.t
if defL != s.cmpL [vnum-1]: # only if computed unit length different from header
hd.append ('L:1/%d\n' % s.cmpL [vnum-1])
s.outlist = hd + s.outlist
if koppen: # output SVG stuff needed for tablature
k1 = kopSvg.replace ('-2','-5') if s.shiftStem else kopSvg # shift note heads 3 units left
k2 = kopSvg2.replace ('-2','-5') if s.shiftStem else kopSvg2
tb = tabSvg.replace ('-3','-6') if s.shiftStem else tabSvg
ks = sorted (koppen.keys ()) # javascript compatibility
ks = [k2 % (k, k) if len (k) == 2 else k1 % (k, k) for k in ks]
tbs = map (lambda x: x.strip () + '\n', tb.splitlines ()) # javascript compatibility
s.outlist = tbs + ks + ['</defs>\n%%endsvg\n'] + s.outlist
def getABC (s):
str = ''.join (s.outlist)
if s.dojef: str = perc2map (str)
return str
def writeall (s): # determine the required encoding of the entire ABC output
str = s.getABC ()
if python3: s.outfile.write (str)
else: s.outfile.write (str.encode ('utf-8'))
if s.pad: s.outfile.close () # close each file with -o option
else: s.outfile.write ('\n') # add empty line between tunes on stdout
info ('%s written with %d voices' % (s.fnmext, len (s.clefs)), warn=0)
#----------------
# functions
#----------------
def abcLyr (xs, melis): # Convert list xs to abc lyrics.
if not ''.join (xs): return '', 0 # there is no lyrics in this measure
res = []
for x in xs: # xs has for every note a lyrics syllabe or an empty string
if x == '': # note without lyrics
if melis: x = '_' # set melisma
else: x = '*' # skip note
elif x.endswith ('_') and not x.endswith (r'\_'): # start of new melisma
x = x.replace ('_', '') # remove and set melis boolean
melis = 1 # so next skips will become melisma
else: melis = 0 # melisma stops on first syllable
res.append (x)
return (' '.join (res), melis)
def simplify (a, b): # divide a and b by their greatest common divisor
x, y = a, b
while b: a, b = b, a % b
return x // a, y // a
def abcdur (nx, divs, uL): # convert an musicXML duration d to abc units with L:1/uL
if nx.dur == 0: return '' # when called for elements without duration
num, den = simplify (uL * nx.dur, divs * 4) # L=1/8 -> uL = 8 units
if nx.fact: # apply tuplet time modification
numfac, denfac = nx.fact
num, den = simplify (num * numfac, den * denfac)
if den > 64: # limit the denominator to a maximum of 64
x = float (num) / den; n = math.floor (x); # when just above an integer n
if x - n < 0.1 * x: num, den = n, 1; # round to n
num64 = 64. * num / den + 1.0e-15 # to get Python2 behaviour of round
num, den = simplify (int (round (num64)), 64)
if num == 1:
if den == 1: dabc = ''
elif den == 2: dabc = '/'
else: dabc = '/%d' % den
elif den == 1: dabc = '%d' % num
else: dabc = '%d/%d' % (num, den)
return dabc
def abcMid (note): # abc note -> midi pitch
r = re.search (r"([_^]*)([A-Ga-g])([',]*)", note)
if not r: return -1
acc, n, oct = r.groups ()
nUp = n.upper ()
p = 60 + [0,2,4,5,7,9,11]['CDEFGAB'.index (nUp)] + (12 if nUp != n else 0);
if acc: p += (1 if acc[0] == '^' else -1) * len (acc)
if oct: p += (12 if oct[0] == "'" else -12) * len (oct)
return p
def staffStep (ptc, o, clef, tstep):
ndif = 0
if 'stafflines=1' in clef: ndif += 4 # meaning of one line: E (xml) -> B (abc)
if not tstep and clef.startswith ('bass'): ndif += 12 # transpose bass -> treble (C3 -> A4)
if ndif: # diatonic transposition == addition modulo 7
nm7 = 'C,D,E,F,G,A,B'.split (',')
n = nm7.index (ptc) + ndif
ptc, o = nm7 [n % 7], o + n // 7
if o > 4: ptc = ptc.lower ()
if o > 5: ptc = ptc + (o-5) * "'"
if o < 4: ptc = ptc + (4-o) * ","
return ptc
def setKey (fifths, mode):
sharpness = ['Fb', 'Cb','Gb','Db','Ab','Eb','Bb','F','C','G','D','A', 'E', 'B', 'F#','C#','G#','D#','A#','E#','B#']
offTab = {'maj':8, 'ion':8, 'm':11, 'min':11, 'aeo':11, 'mix':9, 'dor':10, 'phr':12, 'lyd':7, 'loc':13, 'non':8}
mode = mode.lower ()[:3] # only first three chars, no case
key = sharpness [offTab [mode] + fifths] + (mode if offTab [mode] != 8 else '')
accs = ['F','C','G','D','A','E','B']
if fifths >= 0: msralts = dict (zip (accs[:fifths], fifths * [1]))
else: msralts = dict (zip (accs[fifths:], -fifths * [-1]))
return key, msralts
def insTup (ix, notes, fact): # read one nested tuplet
tupcnt = 0
nx = notes [ix]
if 'start' in nx.tup:
nx.tup.remove ('start') # do recursive calls when starts remain
tix = ix # index of first tuplet note
fn, fd = fact # xml time-mod of the higher level
fnum, fden = nx.fact # xml time-mod of the current level
tupfact = fnum//fn, fden//fd # abc time mod of this level
while ix < len (notes):
nx = notes [ix]
if isinstance (nx, Elem) or nx.grace:
ix += 1 # skip all non tuplet elements
continue
if 'start' in nx.tup: # more nested tuplets to start
ix, tupcntR = insTup (ix, notes, tupfact) # ix is on the stop note!
tupcnt += tupcntR
elif nx.fact:
tupcnt += 1 # count tuplet elements
if 'stop' in nx.tup:
nx.tup.remove ('stop')
break
if not nx.fact: # stop on first non tuplet note
ix = lastix # back to last tuplet note
break
lastix = ix
ix += 1
# put abc tuplet notation before the recursive ones
tup = (tupfact[0], tupfact[1], tupcnt)
if tup == (3, 2, 3): tupPrefix = '(3'
else: tupPrefix = '(%d:%d:%d' % tup
notes [tix].tupabc = tupPrefix + notes [tix].tupabc
return ix, tupcnt # ix is on the last tuplet note
def mkBroken (vs): # introduce broken rhythms (vs: one voice, one measure)
vs = [n for n in vs if isinstance (n, Note)]
i = 0
while i < len (vs) - 1:
n1, n2 = vs[i], vs[i+1] # scan all adjacent pairs
# skip if note in tuplet or has no duration or outside beam
if not n1.fact and not n2.fact and n1.dur > 0 and n2.beam:
if n1.dur * 3 == n2.dur:
n2.dur = (2 * n2.dur) // 3
n1.dur = n1.dur * 2
n1.after = '<' + n1.after
i += 1 # do not chain broken rhythms
elif n2.dur * 3 == n1.dur:
n1.dur = (2 * n1.dur) // 3
n2.dur = n2.dur * 2
n1.after = '>' + n1.after
i += 1 # do not chain broken rhythms
i += 1
def outVoice (measure, divs, im, ip, unitL): # note/elem objects of one measure in one voice
ix = 0
while ix < len (measure): # set all (nested) tuplet annotations
nx = measure [ix]
if isinstance (nx, Note) and nx.fact and not nx.grace:
ix, tupcnt = insTup (ix, measure, (1, 1)) # read one tuplet, insert annotation(s)
ix += 1
vs = []
for nx in measure:
if isinstance (nx, Note):
durstr = abcdur (nx, divs, unitL) # xml -> abc duration string
chord = len (nx.ns) > 1
cns = [nt[:-1] for nt in nx.ns if nt.endswith ('-')]
tie = ''
if chord and len (cns) == len (nx.ns): # all chord notes tied
nx.ns = cns # chord notes without tie
tie = '-' # one tie for whole chord
s = nx.tupabc + ''.join (nx.before)
if chord: s += '['
for nt in nx.ns: s += nt
if chord: s += ']' + tie
if s.endswith ('-'): s, tie = s[:-1], '-' # split off tie
s += durstr + tie # and put it back again
s += nx.after
nospace = nx.beam
else:
if isinstance (nx.str, listtype): nx.str = nx.str [0]
s = nx.str
nospace = 1
if nospace: vs.append (s)
else: vs.append (' ' + s)
vs = ''.join (vs) # ad hoc: remove multiple pedal directions
while vs.find ('!ped!!ped!') >= 0: vs = vs.replace ('!ped!!ped!','!ped!')
while vs.find ('!ped-up!!ped-up!') >= 0: vs = vs.replace ('!ped-up!!ped-up!','!ped-up!')
while vs.find ('!8va(!!8va)!') >= 0: vs = vs.replace ('!8va(!!8va)!','') # remove empty ottava's
return vs
def sortMeasure (voice, m):
voice.sort (key=lambda o: o.tijd) # sort on time
time = 0
v = []
rs = [] # holds rests in between notes
for i, nx in enumerate (voice): # establish sequentiality
if nx.tijd > time and chkbug (nx.tijd - time, m):
v.append (Note (nx.tijd - time, 'x')) # fill hole with invisble rest
rs.append (len (v) - 1)
if isinstance (nx, Elem):
if nx.tijd < time: nx.tijd = time # shift elems without duration to where they fit
v.append (nx)
time = nx.tijd
continue
if nx.tijd < time: # overlapping element
if nx.ns[0] == 'z': continue # discard overlapping rest
if v[-1].tijd <= nx.tijd: # we can do something
if v[-1].ns[0] == 'z': # shorten rest
v[-1].dur = nx.tijd - v[-1].tijd
if v[-1].dur == 0: del v[-1] # nothing left
info ('overlap in part %d, measure %d: rest shortened' % (m.ixp+1, m.ixm+1))
else: # make a chord of overlap
v[-1].ns += nx.ns
info ('overlap in part %d, measure %d: added chord' % (m.ixp+1, m.ixm+1))
nx.dur = (nx.tijd + nx.dur) - time # the remains
if nx.dur <= 0: continue # nothing left
nx.tijd = time # append remains
else: # give up
info ('overlapping notes in one voice! part %d, measure %d, note %s discarded' % (m.ixp+1, m.ixm+1, isinstance (nx, Note) and nx.ns or nx.str))
continue
v.append (nx)
if isinstance (nx, Note):
if nx.ns [0] in 'zx':
rs.append (len (v) - 1) # remember rests between notes
elif len (rs):
if nx.beam and not nx.grace: # copy beam into rests
for j in rs: v[j].beam = nx.beam
rs = [] # clear rests on each note
time = nx.tijd + nx.dur
# when a measure contains no elements and no forwards -> no incTime -> s.maxtime = 0 -> right barline
# is inserted at time == 0 (in addbar) and is only element in the voice when sortMeasure is called
if time == 0: info ('empty measure in part %d, measure %d, it should contain at least a rest to advance the time!' % (m.ixp+1, m.ixm+1))
return v
def getPartlist (ps): # correct part-list (from buggy xml-software)
xs = [] # the corrected part-list
e = [] # stack of opened part-groups
for x in list (ps): # insert missing stops, delete double starts
if x.tag == 'part-group':
num, type = x.get ('number'), x.get ('type')
if type == 'start':
if num in e: # missing stop: insert one
xs.append (E.Element ('part-group', number = num, type = 'stop'))
xs.append (x)
else: # normal start
xs.append (x)
e.append (num)
else:
if num in e: # normal stop
e.remove (num)
xs.append (x)
else: pass # double stop: skip it
else: xs.append (x)
for num in reversed (e): # fill missing stops at the end
xs.append (E.Element ('part-group', number = num, type = 'stop'))
return xs
def parseParts (xs, d, e): # -> [elems on current level], rest of xs
if not xs: return [],[]
x = xs.pop (0)
if x.tag == 'part-group':
num, type = x.get ('number'), x.get ('type')
if type == 'start': # go one level deeper
s = [x.findtext (n, '') for n in ['group-symbol','group-barline','group-name','group-abbreviation']]
d [num] = s # remember groupdata by group number
e.append (num) # make stack of open group numbers
elemsnext, rest1 = parseParts (xs, d, e) # parse one level deeper to next stop
elems, rest2 = parseParts (rest1, d, e) # parse the rest on this level
return [elemsnext] + elems, rest2
else: # stop: close level and return group-data
nums = e.pop () # last open group number in stack order
if xs and xs[0].get ('type') == 'stop': # two consequetive stops
if num != nums: # in the wrong order (tempory solution)
d[nums], d[num] = d[num], d[nums] # exchange values (only works for two stops!!!)
sym = d[num] # retrieve an return groupdata as last element of the group
return [sym], xs
else:
elems, rest = parseParts (xs, d, e) # parse remaining elements on current level
name = x.findtext ('part-name',''), x.findtext ('part-abbreviation','')
return [name] + elems, rest
def bracePart (part): # put a brace on multistaff part and group voices
if not part: return [] # empty part in the score
brace = []
for ivs in part:
if len (ivs) == 1: # stave with one voice
brace.append ('%s' % ivs[0])
else: # stave with multiple voices
brace += ['('] + ['%s' % iv for iv in ivs] + [')']
brace.append ('|')
del brace[-1] # no barline at the end
if len (part) > 1:
brace = ['{'] + brace + ['}']
return brace
def prgroupelem (x, gnm, bar, pmap, accVce, accStf): # collect partnames (accVce) and %%score map (accStf)
if type (x) == tupletype: # partname-tuple = (part-name, part-abbrev)
y = pmap.pop (0)
if gnm[0]: x = [n1 + ':' + n2 for n1, n2 in zip (gnm, x)] # put group-name before part-name
accVce.append (x)
accStf.extend (bracePart (y))
elif len (x) == 2 and type (x[0]) == tupletype: # misuse of group just to add extra name to stave
y = pmap.pop (0)
nms = [n1 + ':' + n2 for n1, n2 in zip (x[0], x[1][2:])] # x[0] = partname-tuple, x[1][2:] = groupname-tuple
accVce.append (nms)
accStf.extend (bracePart (y))
else:
prgrouplist (x, bar, pmap, accVce, accStf)
def prgrouplist (x, pbar, pmap, accVce, accStf): # collect partnames, scoremap for a part-group
sym, bar, gnm, gabbr = x[-1] # bracket symbol, continue barline, group-name-tuple
bar = bar == 'yes' or pbar # pbar -> the parent has bar
accStf.append (sym == 'brace' and '{' or '[')
for z in x[:-1]:
prgroupelem (z, (gnm, gabbr), bar, pmap, accVce, accStf)
if bar: accStf.append ('|')
if bar: del accStf [-1] # remove last one before close
accStf.append (sym == 'brace' and '}' or ']')
def compUnitLength (iv, maten, divs): # compute optimal unit length
uLmin, minLen = 0, max_int
for uL in [4,8,16]: # try 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16
vLen = 0 # total length of abc duration strings in this voice
for im, m in enumerate (maten): # all measures
for e in m[iv]: # all notes in voice iv
if isinstance (e, Elem) or e.dur == 0: continue # no real durations
vLen += len (abcdur (e, divs [im], uL)) # add len of duration string
if vLen < minLen: uLmin, minLen = uL, vLen # remember the smallest
return uLmin
def doSyllable (syl):
txt = ''
for e in syl:
if e.tag == 'elision': txt += '~'
elif e.tag == 'text': # escape - and space characters
txt += (e.text or '').replace ('_',r'\_').replace('-', r'\-').replace(' ', '~')
if not txt: return txt
if syl.findtext('syllabic') in ['begin', 'middle']: txt += '-'
if syl.find('extend') is not None: txt += '_'
return txt
def checkMelismas (lyrics, maten, im, iv):
if im == 0: return
maat = maten [im][iv] # notes of the current measure
curlyr = lyrics [im][iv] # lyrics dict of current measure
prvlyr = lyrics [im-1][iv] # lyrics dict of previous measure
for n, (lyrstr, melis) in prvlyr.items (): # all lyric numbers in the previous measure
if n not in curlyr and melis: # melisma required, but no lyrics present -> make one!
ms = getMelisma (maat) # get a melisma for the current measure
if ms: curlyr [n] = (ms, 0) # set melisma as the n-th lyrics of the current measure
def getMelisma (maat): # get melisma from notes in maat
ms = []
for note in maat: # every note should get an underscore
if not isinstance (note, Note): continue # skip Elem's
if note.grace: continue # skip grace notes
if note.ns [0] in 'zx': break # stop on first rest
ms.append ('_')
return ' '.join (ms)
def perc2map (abcIn):
fillmap = {'diamond':1, 'triangle':1, 'square':1, 'normal':1};
abc = map (lambda x: x.strip (), percSvg.splitlines ())
id='default'
maps = {'default': []};
dmaps = {'default': []}
r1 = re.compile (r'V:\s*(\S+)')
ls = abcIn.splitlines ()
for x in ls:
if 'I:percmap' in x:
noot, step, midi, kop = map (lambda x: x.strip (), x.split ()[1:])
if kop in fillmap: kop = kop + '+' + ',' + kop
x = '%%%%map perc%s %s print=%s midi=%s heads=%s' % (id, noot, step, midi, kop)
maps [id].append (x)
if '%%MIDI' in x: dmaps [id].append (x)
if 'V:' in x:
r = r1.match (x)
if r:
id = r.group (1);
if id not in maps: maps [id] = []; dmaps [id] = []
ids = sorted (maps.keys ())
for id in ids: abc += maps [id]
id='default'
for x in ls:
if 'I:percmap' in x: continue
if '%%MIDI' in x: continue
if 'V:' in x or 'K:' in x:
r = r1.match (x)
if r: id = r.group (1)
abc.append (x)
if id in dmaps and len (dmaps [id]) > 0: abc.extend (dmaps [id]); del dmaps [id]
if 'perc' in x and 'map=' not in x: x += ' map=perc';
if 'map=perc' in x and len (maps [id]) > 0: abc.append ('%%voicemap perc' + id);
if 'map=off' in x: abc.append ('%%voicemap');
else:
abc.append (x)
return '\n'.join (abc) + '\n'
def addoct (ptc, o): # xml staff step, xml octave number
p = ptc
if o > 4: p = ptc.lower ()
if o > 5: p = p + (o-5) * "'"
if o < 4: p = p + (4-o) * ","
return p # abc pitch == abc note without accidental
def chkbug (dt, m):
if dt > m.divs / 16: return 1 # duration should be > 1/64 note
info ('MuseScore bug: incorrect duration, smaller then 1/64! in measure %d, part %d' % (m.ixm, m.ixp))
return 0
#----------------
# parser
#----------------
class Parser:
note_alts = [ # 3 alternative notations of the same note for tablature mapping
[x.strip () for x in '=C, ^C, =D, ^D, =E, =F, ^F, =G, ^G, =A, ^A, =B'.split (',')],
[x.strip () for x in '^B, _D,^^C, _E, _F, ^E, _G,^^F, _A,^^G, _B, _C'.split (',')],
[x.strip () for x in '__D,^^B,__E,__F,^^D,__G,^^E,__A,_/A,__B,__C,^^A'.split (',')] ]
step_map = {'C':0,'D':2,'E':4,'F':5,'G':7,'A':9,'B':11}
def __init__ (s, options):
# unfold repeats, number of chars per line, credit filter level, volta option
s.slurBuf = {} # dict of open slurs keyed by slur number
s.dirStk = {} # {direction-type + number -> (type, voice | time)} dict for proper closing
s.ingrace = 0 # marks a sequence of grace notes
s.msc = Music (options) # global music data abstraction
s.unfold = options.u # turn unfolding repeats on
s.ctf = options.c # credit text filter level
s.gStfMap = [] # [[abc voice numbers] for all parts]
s.midiMap = [] # midi-settings for each abc voice, in order
s.drumInst = {} # inst_id -> midi pitch for channel 10 notes
s.drumNotes = {} # (xml voice, abc note) -> (midi note, note head)
s.instMid = [] # [{inst id -> midi-settings} for all parts]
s.midDflt = [-1,-1,-1,-91] # default midi settings for channel, program, volume, panning
s.msralts = {} # xml-notenames (without octave) with accidentals from the key
s.curalts = {} # abc-notenames (with voice number) with passing accidentals
s.stfMap = {} # xml staff number -> [xml voice number]
s.vce2stf = {} # xml voice number -> allocated staff number
s.clefMap = {} # xml staff number -> abc clef (for header only)
s.curClef = {} # xml staff number -> current abc clef
s.stemDir = {} # xml voice number -> current stem direction
s.clefOct = {} # xml staff number -> current clef-octave-change
s.curStf = {} # xml voice number -> current xml staff number
s.nolbrk = options.x; # generate no linebreaks ($)
s.jscript = options.j # compatibility with javascript version
s.ornaments = sorted (note_ornamentation_map.items ())
s.doPageFmt = len (options.p) == 1 # translate xml page format
s.tstep = options.t # clef determines step on staff (percussion)
s.dirtov1 = options.v1 # all directions to first voice of staff
s.ped = options.ped # render pedal directions
s.wstems = options.stm # translate stem elements
s.pedVce = None # voice for pedal directions
s.repeat_str = {} # staff number -> [measure number, repeat-text]
s.tabVceMap = {} # abc voice num -> [%%map ...] for tab voices
s.koppen = {} # noteheads needed for %%map
def matchSlur (s, type2, n, v2, note2, grace, stopgrace): # match slur number n in voice v2, add abc code to before/after
if type2 not in ['start', 'stop']: return # slur type continue has no abc equivalent
if n == None: n = '1'
if n in s.slurBuf:
type1, v1, note1, grace1 = s.slurBuf [n]
if type2 != type1: # slur complete, now check the voice
if v2 == v1: # begins and ends in the same voice: keep it
if type1 == 'start' and (not grace1 or not stopgrace): # normal slur: start before stop and no grace slur
note1.before = ['('] + note1.before # keep left-right order!
note2.after += ')'
# no else: don't bother with reversed stave spanning slurs
del s.slurBuf [n] # slur finished, remove from stack
else: # double definition, keep the last
info ('double slur numbers %s-%s in part %d, measure %d, voice %d note %s, first discarded' % (type2, n, s.msr.ixp+1, s.msr.ixm+1, v2, note2.ns))
s.slurBuf [n] = (type2, v2, note2, grace)
else: # unmatched slur, put in dict
s.slurBuf [n] = (type2, v2, note2, grace)
def doNotations (s, note, nttn, isTab):
for key, val in s.ornaments:
if nttn.find (key) != None: note.before += [val] # just concat all ornaments
trem = nttn.find ('ornaments/tremolo')
if trem != None:
type = trem.get ('type')
if type == 'single':
note.before.insert (0, '!%s!' % (int (trem.text) * '/'))
else:
note.fact = None # no time modification in ABC
if s.tstep: # abc2svg version
if type == 'stop': note.before.insert (0, '!trem%s!' % trem.text);
else: # abc2xml version
if type == 'start': note.before.insert (0, '!%s-!' % (int (trem.text) * '/'));
fingering = nttn.findall ('technical/fingering')
for finger in fingering: # handle multiple finger annotations
if not isTab: note.before += ['!%s!' % finger.text] # fingering goes before chord (addChord)
snaar = nttn.find ('technical/string')
if snaar != None and isTab:
if s.tstep:
fret = nttn.find ('technical/fret')
if fret != None: note.tab = (snaar.text, fret.text)
else:
deco = '!%s!' % snaar.text # no double string decos (bug in musescore)
if deco not in note.ntdec: note.ntdec += deco
wvlns = nttn.findall ('ornaments/wavy-line')
for wvln in wvlns:
if wvln.get ('type') == 'start': note.before = ['!trill(!'] + note.before # keep left-right order!
elif wvln.get ('type') == 'stop': note.after += '!trill)!'
glis = nttn.find ('glissando')
if glis == None: glis = nttn.find ('slide') # treat slide as glissando
if glis != None:
lt = '~' if glis.get ('line-type') =='wavy' else '-'
if glis.get ('type') == 'start': note.before = ['!%s(!' % lt] + note.before # keep left-right order!
elif glis.get ('type') == 'stop': note.before = ['!%s)!' % lt] + note.before
def tabnote (s, alt, ptc, oct, v, ntrec):
p = s.step_map [ptc] + int (alt or '0') # p in -2 .. 13
if p > 11: oct += 1 # octave correction
if p < 0: oct -= 1
p = p % 12 # remap p into 0..11
snaar_nw, fret_nw = ntrec.tab # the computed/annotated allocation of nt
for i in range (4): # support same note on 4 strings
na = s.note_alts [i % 3] [p] # get alternative representation of same note
o = oct
if na in ['^B', '^^B']: o -= 1 # because in adjacent octave
if na in ['_C', '__C']: o += 1
if '/' in na or i == 3: o = 9 # emergency notation for 4th string case
nt = addoct (na, o)
snaar, fret = s.tabmap.get ((v, nt), ('', '')) # the current allocation of nt
if not snaar: break # note not yet allocated
if snaar_nw == snaar: return nt # use present allocation
if i == 3: # new allocaion needed but none is free
fmt = 'rejected: voice %d note %3s string %s fret %2s remains: string %s fret %s'
info (fmt % (v, nt, snaar_nw, fret_nw, snaar, fret), 1)
ntrec.tab = (snaar, fret)
s.tabmap [v, nt] = ntrec.tab # for tablature map (voice, note) -> (string, fret)
return nt # ABC code always in key C (with midi pitch alterations)
def ntAbc (s, ptc, oct, note, v, ntrec, isTab): # pitch, octave -> abc notation
acc2alt = {'double-flat':-2,'flat-flat':-2,'flat':-1,'natural':0,'sharp':1,'sharp-sharp':2,'double-sharp':2}
oct += s.clefOct.get (s.curStf [v], 0) # minus clef-octave-change value
acc = note.findtext ('accidental') # should be the notated accidental
alt = note.findtext ('pitch/alter') # pitch alteration (midi)
if ntrec.tab: return s.tabnote (alt, ptc, oct, v, ntrec) # implies s.tstep is true (options.t was given)
elif isTab and s.tstep:
nt = ['__','_','','^','^^'][int (alt or '0') + 2] + addoct (ptc, oct)
info ('no string notation found for note %s in voice %d' % (nt, v), 1)
p = addoct (ptc, oct)
if alt == None and s.msralts.get (ptc, 0): alt = 0 # no alt but key implies alt -> natural!!
if alt == None and (p, v) in s.curalts: alt = 0 # no alt but previous note had one -> natural!!
if acc == None and alt == None: return p # no acc, no alt
elif acc != None:
alt = acc2alt [acc] # acc takes precedence over the pitch here!
else: # now see if we really must add an accidental
alt = int (float (alt))
if (p, v) in s.curalts: # the note in this voice has been altered before
if alt == s.curalts [(p, v)]: return p # alteration still the same
elif alt == s.msralts.get (ptc, 0): return p # alteration implied by the key
tieElms = note.findall ('tie') + note.findall ('notations/tied') # in xml we have separate notated ties and playback ties
if 'stop' in [e.get ('type') for e in tieElms]: return p # don't alter tied notes
info ('accidental %d added in part %d, measure %d, voice %d note %s' % (alt, s.msr.ixp+1, s.msr.ixm+1, v+1, p))
s.curalts [(p, v)] = alt
p = ['__','_','=','^','^^'][alt+2] + p # and finally ... prepend the accidental
return p
def doNote (s, n): # parse a musicXML note tag
note = Note ()
v = int (n.findtext ('voice', '1'))
if s.isSib: v += 100 * int (n.findtext ('staff', '1')) # repair bug in Sibelius
chord = n.find ('chord') != None
p = n.findtext ('pitch/step') or n.findtext ('unpitched/display-step')
o = n.findtext ('pitch/octave') or n.findtext ('unpitched/display-octave')
r = n.find ('rest')
numer = n.findtext ('time-modification/actual-notes')
if numer:
denom = n.findtext ('time-modification/normal-notes')
note.fact = (int (numer), int (denom))
note.tup = [x.get ('type') for x in n.findall ('notations/tuplet')]
dur = n.findtext ('duration')
grc = n.find ('grace')