Rollup merge of rust-lang#128045 - pnkfelix:rustc-contracts, r=oli-obk

#[contracts::requires(...)]  + #[contracts::ensures(...)]

cc rust-lang#128044

Updated contract support: attribute syntax for preconditions and postconditions, implemented via a series of desugarings  that culminates in:
1. a compile-time flag (`-Z contract-checks`) that, similar to `-Z ub-checks`, attempts to ensure that the decision of enabling/disabling contract checks is delayed until the end user program is compiled,
2. invocations of lang-items that handle invoking the precondition,  building a checker for the post-condition, and invoking that post-condition checker at the return sites for the function, and
3. intrinsics for the actual evaluation of pre- and post-condition predicates that third-party verification tools can intercept and reinterpret for their own purposes (e.g. creating shims of behavior that abstract away the function body and replace it solely with the pre- and post-conditions).

Known issues:

 * My original intent, as described in the MCP (rust-lang/compiler-team#759) was   to have a rustc-prefixed attribute namespace (like   rustc_contracts::requires). But I could not get things working when I tried   to do rewriting via a rustc-prefixed builtin attribute-macro. So for now it  is called `contracts::requires`.

 * Our attribute macro machinery does not provide direct support for attribute arguments that are parsed like rust expressions. I spent some time trying to add that (e.g. something that would parse the attribute arguments as an AST while treating the remainder of the items as a token-tree), but its too big a lift for me to undertake. So instead I hacked in something approximating that goal, by semi-trivially desugaring the token-tree attribute contents into internal AST constucts. This may be too fragile for the long-term.
   * (In particular, it *definitely* breaks when you try to add a contract to a function like this: `fn foo1(x: i32) -> S<{ 23 }> { ... }`, because its token-tree based search for where to inject the internal AST constructs cannot immediately see that the `{ 23 }` is within a generics list. I think we can live for this for the short-term, i.e. land the work, and continue working on it while in parallel adding a new attribute variant that takes a token-tree attribute alongside an AST annotation, which would completely resolve the issue here.)

* the *intent* of `-Z contract-checks` is that it behaves like `-Z ub-checks`, in that we do not prematurely commit to including or excluding the contract evaluation in upstream crates (most notably, `core` and `std`). But the current test suite does not actually *check* that this is the case. Ideally the test suite would be extended with a multi-crate test that explores the matrix of enabling/disabling contracts on both the upstream lib and final ("leaf") bin crates.

compiler/rustc_ast/src/ast.rs

@@ -3348,11 +3348,18 @@ pub struct Impl {
     pub items: ThinVec<P<AssocItem>>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Encodable, Decodable, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct FnContract {
+    pub requires: Option<P<Expr>>,
+    pub ensures: Option<P<Expr>>,
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, Encodable, Decodable, Debug)]
 pub struct Fn {
     pub defaultness: Defaultness,
     pub generics: Generics,
     pub sig: FnSig,
+    pub contract: Option<P<FnContract>>,
     pub body: Option<P<Block>>,
 }
 
@@ -3650,7 +3657,7 @@ mod size_asserts {
     static_assert_size!(Block, 32);
     static_assert_size!(Expr, 72);
     static_assert_size!(ExprKind, 40);
-    static_assert_size!(Fn, 160);
+    static_assert_size!(Fn, 168);
     static_assert_size!(ForeignItem, 88);
     static_assert_size!(ForeignItemKind, 16);
     static_assert_size!(GenericArg, 24);

compiler/rustc_ast/src/mut_visit.rs

@@ -143,6 +143,10 @@ pub trait MutVisitor: Sized {
         walk_flat_map_assoc_item(self, i, ctxt)
     }
 
+    fn visit_contract(&mut self, c: &mut P<FnContract>) {
+        walk_contract(self, c);
+    }
+
     fn visit_fn_decl(&mut self, d: &mut P<FnDecl>) {
         walk_fn_decl(self, d);
     }
@@ -958,13 +962,16 @@ fn walk_fn<T: MutVisitor>(vis: &mut T, kind: FnKind<'_>) {
             _ctxt,
             _ident,
             _vis,
-            Fn { defaultness, generics, body, sig: FnSig { header, decl, span } },
+            Fn { defaultness, generics, contract, body, sig: FnSig { header, decl, span } },
         ) => {
             // Identifier and visibility are visited as a part of the item.
             visit_defaultness(vis, defaultness);
             vis.visit_fn_header(header);
             vis.visit_generics(generics);
             vis.visit_fn_decl(decl);
+            if let Some(contract) = contract {
+                vis.visit_contract(contract);
+            }
             if let Some(body) = body {
                 vis.visit_block(body);
             }
@@ -979,6 +986,16 @@ fn walk_fn<T: MutVisitor>(vis: &mut T, kind: FnKind<'_>) {
     }
 }
 
+fn walk_contract<T: MutVisitor>(vis: &mut T, contract: &mut P<FnContract>) {
+    let FnContract { requires, ensures } = contract.deref_mut();
+    if let Some(pred) = requires {
+        vis.visit_expr(pred);
+    }
+    if let Some(pred) = ensures {
+        vis.visit_expr(pred);
+    }
+}
+
 fn walk_fn_decl<T: MutVisitor>(vis: &mut T, decl: &mut P<FnDecl>) {
     let FnDecl { inputs, output } = decl.deref_mut();
     inputs.flat_map_in_place(|param| vis.flat_map_param(param));

compiler/rustc_ast/src/visit.rs

@@ -188,6 +188,9 @@ pub trait Visitor<'ast>: Sized {
     fn visit_closure_binder(&mut self, b: &'ast ClosureBinder) -> Self::Result {
         walk_closure_binder(self, b)
     }
+    fn visit_contract(&mut self, c: &'ast FnContract) -> Self::Result {
+        walk_contract(self, c)
+    }
     fn visit_where_predicate(&mut self, p: &'ast WherePredicate) -> Self::Result {
         walk_where_predicate(self, p)
     }
@@ -800,6 +803,17 @@ pub fn walk_closure_binder<'a, V: Visitor<'a>>(
     V::Result::output()
 }
 
+pub fn walk_contract<'a, V: Visitor<'a>>(visitor: &mut V, c: &'a FnContract) -> V::Result {
+    let FnContract { requires, ensures } = c;
+    if let Some(pred) = requires {
+        visitor.visit_expr(pred);
+    }
+    if let Some(pred) = ensures {
+        visitor.visit_expr(pred);
+    }
+    V::Result::output()
+}
+
 pub fn walk_where_predicate<'a, V: Visitor<'a>>(
     visitor: &mut V,
     predicate: &'a WherePredicate,
@@ -862,12 +876,13 @@ pub fn walk_fn<'a, V: Visitor<'a>>(visitor: &mut V, kind: FnKind<'a>) -> V::Resu
             _ctxt,
             _ident,
             _vis,
-            Fn { defaultness: _, sig: FnSig { header, decl, span: _ }, generics, body },
+            Fn { defaultness: _, sig: FnSig { header, decl, span: _ }, generics, contract, body },
         ) => {
             // Identifier and visibility are visited as a part of the item.
             try_visit!(visitor.visit_fn_header(header));
             try_visit!(visitor.visit_generics(generics));
             try_visit!(visitor.visit_fn_decl(decl));
+            visit_opt!(visitor, visit_contract, contract);
             visit_opt!(visitor, visit_block, body);
         }
         FnKind::Closure(binder, coroutine_kind, decl, body) => {

compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/expr.rs

@@ -314,8 +314,8 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                     hir::ExprKind::Continue(self.lower_jump_destination(e.id, *opt_label))
                 }
                 ExprKind::Ret(e) => {
-                    let e = e.as_ref().map(|x| self.lower_expr(x));
-                    hir::ExprKind::Ret(e)
+                    let expr = e.as_ref().map(|x| self.lower_expr(x));
+                    self.checked_return(expr)
                 }
                 ExprKind::Yeet(sub_expr) => self.lower_expr_yeet(e.span, sub_expr.as_deref()),
                 ExprKind::Become(sub_expr) => {
@@ -382,6 +382,32 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Create an `ExprKind::Ret` that is preceded by a call to check contract ensures clause.
+    fn checked_return(&mut self, opt_expr: Option<&'hir hir::Expr<'hir>>) -> hir::ExprKind<'hir> {
+        let checked_ret = if let Some(Some((span, fresh_ident))) =
+            self.contract.as_ref().map(|c| c.ensures.as_ref().map(|e| (e.expr.span, e.fresh_ident)))
+        {
+            let expr = opt_expr.unwrap_or_else(|| self.expr_unit(span));
+            Some(self.inject_ensures_check(expr, span, fresh_ident.0, fresh_ident.2))
+        } else {
+            opt_expr
+        };
+        hir::ExprKind::Ret(checked_ret)
+    }
+
+    /// Wraps an expression with a call to the ensures check before it gets returned.
+    pub(crate) fn inject_ensures_check(
+        &mut self,
+        expr: &'hir hir::Expr<'hir>,
+        span: Span,
+        check_ident: Ident,
+        check_hir_id: HirId,
+    ) -> &'hir hir::Expr<'hir> {
+        let checker_fn = self.expr_ident(span, check_ident, check_hir_id);
+        let span = self.mark_span_with_reason(DesugaringKind::Contract, span, None);
+        self.expr_call(span, checker_fn, std::slice::from_ref(expr))
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn lower_const_block(&mut self, c: &AnonConst) -> hir::ConstBlock {
         self.with_new_scopes(c.value.span, |this| {
             let def_id = this.local_def_id(c.id);
@@ -1970,7 +1996,8 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                     ),
                 ))
             } else {
-                self.arena.alloc(self.expr(try_span, hir::ExprKind::Ret(Some(from_residual_expr))))
+                let ret_expr = self.checked_return(Some(from_residual_expr));
+                self.arena.alloc(self.expr(try_span, ret_expr))
             };
             self.lower_attrs(ret_expr.hir_id, &attrs);
 
@@ -2019,7 +2046,7 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
             let target_id = Ok(catch_id);
             hir::ExprKind::Break(hir::Destination { label: None, target_id }, Some(from_yeet_expr))
         } else {
-            hir::ExprKind::Ret(Some(from_yeet_expr))
+            self.checked_return(Some(from_yeet_expr))
         }
     }
 

compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/item.rs

@@ -207,9 +207,40 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
                 sig: FnSig { decl, header, span: fn_sig_span },
                 generics,
                 body,
+                contract,
                 ..
             }) => {
                 self.with_new_scopes(*fn_sig_span, |this| {
+                    assert!(this.contract.is_none());
+                    if let Some(contract) = contract {
+                        let requires = contract.requires.clone();
+                        let ensures = contract.ensures.clone();
+                        let ensures = ensures.map(|ens| {
+                            // FIXME: this needs to be a fresh (or illegal) identifier to prevent
+                            // accidental capture of a parameter or global variable.
+                            let checker_ident: Ident =
+                                Ident::from_str_and_span("__ensures_checker", ens.span);
+                            let (checker_pat, checker_hir_id) = this.pat_ident_binding_mode_mut(
+                                ens.span,
+                                checker_ident,
+                                hir::BindingMode::NONE,
+                            );
+
+                            crate::FnContractLoweringEnsures {
+                                expr: ens,
+                                fresh_ident: (checker_ident, checker_pat, checker_hir_id),
+                            }
+                        });
+
+                        // Note: `with_new_scopes` will reinstall the outer
+                        // item's contract (if any) after its callback finishes.
+                        this.contract.replace(crate::FnContractLoweringInfo {
+                            span,
+                            requires,
+                            ensures,
+                        });
+                    }
+
                     // Note: we don't need to change the return type from `T` to
                     // `impl Future<Output = T>` here because lower_body
                     // only cares about the input argument patterns in the function
@@ -1054,10 +1085,64 @@ impl<'hir> LoweringContext<'_, 'hir> {
         body: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> hir::Expr<'hir>,
     ) -> hir::BodyId {
         self.lower_body(|this| {
-            (
-                this.arena.alloc_from_iter(decl.inputs.iter().map(|x| this.lower_param(x))),
-                body(this),
-            )
+            let params =
+                this.arena.alloc_from_iter(decl.inputs.iter().map(|x| this.lower_param(x)));
+            let result = body(this);
+
+            let opt_contract = this.contract.take();
+
+            // { body }
+            // ==>
+            // { contract_requires(PRECOND); { body } }
+            let Some(contract) = opt_contract else { return (params, result) };
+            let result_ref = this.arena.alloc(result);
+            let lit_unit = |this: &mut LoweringContext<'_, 'hir>| {
+                this.expr(contract.span, hir::ExprKind::Tup(&[]))
+            };
+
+            let precond: hir::Stmt<'hir> = if let Some(req) = contract.requires {
+                let lowered_req = this.lower_expr_mut(&req);
+                let precond = this.expr_call_lang_item_fn_mut(
+                    req.span,
+                    hir::LangItem::ContractCheckRequires,
+                    &*arena_vec![this; lowered_req],
+                );
+                this.stmt_expr(req.span, precond)
+            } else {
+                let u = lit_unit(this);
+                this.stmt_expr(contract.span, u)
+            };
+
+            let (postcond_checker, result) = if let Some(ens) = contract.ensures {
+                let crate::FnContractLoweringEnsures { expr: ens, fresh_ident } = ens;
+                let lowered_ens: hir::Expr<'hir> = this.lower_expr_mut(&ens);
+                let postcond_checker = this.expr_call_lang_item_fn(
+                    ens.span,
+                    hir::LangItem::ContractBuildCheckEnsures,
+                    &*arena_vec![this; lowered_ens],
+                );
+                let checker_binding_pat = fresh_ident.1;
+                (
+                    this.stmt_let_pat(
+                        None,
+                        ens.span,
+                        Some(postcond_checker),
+                        this.arena.alloc(checker_binding_pat),
+                        hir::LocalSource::Contract,
+                    ),
+                    this.inject_ensures_check(result_ref, ens.span, fresh_ident.0, fresh_ident.2),
+                )
+            } else {
+                let u = lit_unit(this);
+                (this.stmt_expr(contract.span, u), &*result_ref)
+            };
+
+            let block = this.block_all(
+                contract.span,
+                arena_vec![this; precond, postcond_checker],
+                Some(result),
+            );
+            (params, this.expr_block(block))
         })
     }
 

compiler/rustc_ast_lowering/src/lib.rs

@@ -86,6 +86,19 @@ mod path;
 
 rustc_fluent_macro::fluent_messages! { "../messages.ftl" }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct FnContractLoweringInfo<'hir> {
+    pub span: Span,
+    pub requires: Option<ast::ptr::P<ast::Expr>>,
+    pub ensures: Option<FnContractLoweringEnsures<'hir>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct FnContractLoweringEnsures<'hir> {
+    expr: ast::ptr::P<ast::Expr>,
+    fresh_ident: (Ident, hir::Pat<'hir>, HirId),
+}
+
 struct LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
     tcx: TyCtxt<'hir>,
     resolver: &'a mut ResolverAstLowering,
@@ -100,6 +113,8 @@ struct LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
     /// Collect items that were created by lowering the current owner.
     children: Vec<(LocalDefId, hir::MaybeOwner<'hir>)>,
 
+    contract: Option<FnContractLoweringInfo<'hir>>,
+
     coroutine_kind: Option<hir::CoroutineKind>,
 
     /// When inside an `async` context, this is the `HirId` of the
@@ -148,6 +163,7 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
             bodies: Vec::new(),
             attrs: SortedMap::default(),
             children: Vec::default(),
+            contract: None,
             current_hir_id_owner: hir::CRATE_OWNER_ID,
             item_local_id_counter: hir::ItemLocalId::ZERO,
             ident_and_label_to_local_id: Default::default(),
@@ -834,12 +850,16 @@ impl<'a, 'hir> LoweringContext<'a, 'hir> {
         let was_in_loop_condition = self.is_in_loop_condition;
         self.is_in_loop_condition = false;
 
+        let old_contract = self.contract.take();
+
         let catch_scope = self.catch_scope.take();
         let loop_scope = self.loop_scope.take();
         let ret = f(self);
         self.catch_scope = catch_scope;
         self.loop_scope = loop_scope;
 
+        self.contract = old_contract;
+
         self.is_in_loop_condition = was_in_loop_condition;
 
         self.current_item = current_item;

compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/ast_validation.rs

@@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ impl<'a> Visitor<'a> for AstValidator<'a> {
                 walk_list!(self, visit_attribute, &item.attrs);
                 return; // Avoid visiting again.
             }
-            ItemKind::Fn(func @ box Fn { defaultness, generics: _, sig, body }) => {
+            ItemKind::Fn(func @ box Fn { defaultness, generics: _, sig, contract: _, body }) => {
                 self.check_defaultness(item.span, *defaultness);
 
                 let is_intrinsic =

compiler/rustc_ast_passes/src/feature_gate.rs

@@ -548,6 +548,8 @@ pub fn check_crate(krate: &ast::Crate, sess: &Session, features: &Features) {
     gate_all!(pin_ergonomics, "pinned reference syntax is experimental");
     gate_all!(unsafe_fields, "`unsafe` fields are experimental");
     gate_all!(unsafe_binders, "unsafe binder types are experimental");
+    gate_all!(contracts, "contracts are incomplete");
+    gate_all!(contracts_internals, "contract internal machinery is for internal use only");
 
     if !visitor.features.never_patterns() {
         if let Some(spans) = spans.get(&sym::never_patterns) {