From b5f1369620be61fe256a5e236f4f8ce2bb55426b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gerald Bauer <gerald.bauer@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Mar 2015 19:19:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Create haskell.md

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+title: Haskell, Haskell, Haskell
+
+
+# SQLite Database Access
+
+- HSQL
+- Persistent
+
+## HSQL Example
+
+~~~
+λ> :module Database.HDBC Database.HDBC.Sqlite3
+λ> conn <- connectSqlite3 "test.db"
+Loading package HDBC-1.1.5 ... linking ... done.
+Loading package HDBC-sqlite3-1.1.4.0 ... linking ... done.
+λ> run conn "CREATE TABLE test (id INTEGER NOT NULL, desc VARCHAR(80))" []
+0
+λ> run conn "INSERT INTO test (id) VALUES (0)" []
+1
+λ> commit conn
+λ> disconnect conn
+~~~
+
+
+
+# Persistent Entities (Schema and Migrations)
+
+~~~
+import Database.Persist.TH
+
+mkPersist sqlSettings [persistLowerCase|
+  Country
+    name String
+    deriving Show
+  Client
+    firstName String
+    lastName  String
+    address   String
+    country   CountryId
+    age       Int
+    deriving Show
+...
+~~~
+
+
+# Persistent Example
+
+~~~
+import Database.Persist.Sqlite
+
+conn = runSqlite "test.db" $ do
+  austria  <- insert $ Country "Austria"
+  _client1 <- insert $ Client "Anton" "Dreher" "Brauplatz 1" austria 25
+  return ()
+~~~
+
+
+# Persistent Queries
+
+~~~
+getAdultsOfSpainAndUS = do -- returns [Entity Client]
+  Just (Entity spId _) <- getBy $ UniqueCountryName "Spain"
+  Just (Entity usId _) <- getBy $ UniqueCountryName "United States of America"
+  selectList ( [ ClientCountry ==. spId, ClientAge >=. Just 18 ]
+     ||. [ ClientCountry ==. usId, ClientAge >=. Just 21 ] )
+     []
+~~~
+
+
+# SQL Queries with Esqueleto
+
+~~~
+getPeopleOver25FromSpainOrGermany = -- returns [Entity Client]
+  select $
+  from $ \(client, country) -> do
+  where_ ( client ^. ClientAge >. just (val 25)
+    &&. country ^. CountryName `in_` valList [ "Spain", "Germany" ]
+    &&. client ^. ClientCountry ==. country ^. CountryId )
+  orderBy [ asc (client ^. ClientLastName), asc (client ^. ClientFirstName) ]
+  return client
+~~~
+
+
+# SQL Queries with Esqueleto (Join)
+
+~~~
+getPeopleOver25FromSpainOrGermanyJoin = -- returns [Entity Client]
+  select $
+  from $ \(client `InnerJoin` country) -> do
+  on (client ^. ClientCountry ==. country ^. CountryId)
+  where_ ( client ^. ClientAge >. just (val 25)
+    &&. country ^. CountryName `in_` valList [ "Spain", "Germany" ])
+  orderBy [ asc (client ^. ClientLastName), asc (client ^. ClientFirstName) ]
+  return client
+~~~
+
+
+
+# Web Frameworks / Libraries
+
+- Yesod   ("Full stack")
+- Happstack
+- Snap
+- Scotty  (Minimal; Sinatra-Inspired)
+- Spock
+- and many more
+
+## Scotty Example
+
+~~~
+import Web.Scotty
+
+import Data.Monoid (mconcat)
+
+main = scotty 3000 $ do
+    get "/:word" $ do
+        beam <- param "word"
+        html $ mconcat ["<h1>Scotty, ", beam, " me up!</h1>"]
+~~~
+
+
+
+# Scotty Example - URL Shortener
+
+~~~
+main :: IO ()
+main = scotty 3000 $ do
+    middleware logStdoutDev
+    middleware static
+
+    m <- liftIO $ newMVar (0::Int,M.empty :: M.Map Int T.Text)
+
+    get "/" $ do
+        html $ renderHtml
+             $ H.html $ do
+                H.body $ do
+                    H.form H.! method "post" H.! action "/shorten" $ do
+                        H.input H.! type_ "text" H.! name "url"
+                        H.input H.! type_ "submit"
+
+    post "/shorten" $ do
+        url <- param "url"
+        liftIO $ modifyMVar_ m $ \(i,db) -> return (i+1, M.insert i (T.pack url) db)
+        redirect "/list"
+
+    -- We have to be careful here, because this route can match pretty much anything.
+    -- Thankfully, the type system knows that 'hash' must be an Int, so this route
+    -- only matches if 'read' can successfully parse the hash capture as an Int.
+    -- Otherwise, the pattern match will fail and Scotty will continue matching
+    -- subsequent routes.
+    get "/:hash" $ do
+        hash <- param "hash"
+        (_,db) <- liftIO $ readMVar m
+        case M.lookup hash db of
+            Nothing -> raise $ mconcat ["URL hash #", T.pack $ show $ hash, " not found in database!"]
+            Just url -> redirect url
+
+    -- We put /list down here to show that it will not match the '/:hash' route above.
+    get "/list" $ do
+        (_,db) <- liftIO $ readMVar m
+        json $ M.toList db
+~~~
+
+
+
+# Why Haskell?
+
+Learn something new - state-of-the-art in language design;
+many new concepts (compared to classics e.g. C, Perl, Ruby, PHP; etc.):
+
+- Great for learing a "pure" "state-of-the-art" functional programming (FP) language
+- Great for learning the "state-of-the-art" for a strongly-typed language
+    - Type classes, type families (Typeclassopedia)
+    - Algebraic Data types  (ADT)
+    - Category theory (Yoneda Lemma, Kleisli Fish, etc.)
+    - etc.
+
+- Many new concepts
+    - Programming without Null/Nil - Maybe, Just, Nothing, ()
+    - "Pure" Functions without Side-Effects and I/O Functions with Side-Effects
+    - Monads, Monoids, Applicatives, Functors, Prisms, Lenses, etc.
+
+
+# Beautiful "Minimalistic" Syntax
+
+~~~
+a b c d
+~~~
+
+Trivia Quiz -  Only one interpretation possible in Haskell
+
+
+
+# Beautiful "Minimalistic" Syntax
+
+Function a with three parameters, that is, b, c and d.
+
+~~~
+a b c d          f . g x y    f g( x y )  
+
+a( b, c, d )     f( g(x,y))       -- Classic-style
+
+(a b c d)       (f (g x y))       -- Lisp-style
+~~~
+
+
+
+# Language Example - Inspired by Haskell  - Elm
+
+## Elm
+
+Why: Runs in your Browser -- (Yet Another) Alternative Generate-to-JavaScript Language
+
+### Who?
+
+Sponsored by Prezi (Budapest, Hungary); Headed by Evan Czaplicki
+
+Example:
+
+~~~
+profile : User -> Html
+profile user =
+    div [] [
+        img [ src user.picture ] [],
+        text user.name
+
+font : List CssProperty
+font = [
+    prop "font-family" "futura, sans-serif",
+    prop "color" "rgb(42, 42, 42)",
+    prop "font-size" "2em"
+  ]
+
+background : List CssProperty
+background = [
+    prop "background-color" "rgb(245, 245, 245)"
+  ]
+
+profiles : List User -> Html
+profiles users =
+    div [ style (font ++ background) ] (map profile users)
+~~~
+
+
+
+
+# Language Example - Inspired by Haskell  - Idris
+
+## Idris
+
+Why: Faster, Easier -- Dependent Datatypes, Laziness Optional, and More
+
+A standard example of a dependent type is the type of "lists with length",
+conventionally called vectors in the dependent type literature.
+
+Example:
+
+~~~
+data Vect : Nat -> Type -> Type where
+  Nil : Vect Z a
+  (::) : a -> Vect k a -> Vect (S k) a
+
+(++) : Vect n a -> Vect m a -> Vect (n + m) a
+(++) Nil ys = ys
+(++) (x :: xs) ys = x :: xs ++ xs   -- broken
+~~~
+
+
+
+# Other languages inspired by Haskell
+
+- F# .NET (Microsoft)
+- Swift (Apple)
+- Hack (Facebook)
+- Many more
+
+
+
+# Haskell Programs - Haskell Goodies - Haskell in the Real World
+
+Pandoc - "Universal" Document Generator; Headed by John MacFarlane (University of Berkeley)
+
+Example:  Generate a book (EPUB) using Markdown
+
+mybook.txt:
+
+~~~
+Title: My Book
+Author: Ruby Rubacuori
+
+This is my book.
+
+# Chapter One
+
+Chapter one is over.
+
+# Chapter Two
+
+Chapter two has just begun.
+~~~
+
+To build your book issue:
+
+~~~
+$ pandoc mybook.txt -o mybook.epub
+~~~
+
+
+
+# Learning Haskell
+
+## Books
+
+- Learn You a Haskell for Great Good
+- Real World Haskell
+- Developing Web Applications with Haskell and Yesod, 2nd Edition
+- Beginning Haskell
+- Seven Languages in Seven Weeks (incl. Haskell)
+- Seven More Languages in Seven Weeks (incl. Elm and Idris)
+
+## Articles
+
+- How I Start Series - Haskell - by Chris Allen
+- School of  Haskell - Basics of Haskell Series -  by Bartosz Milewski (FP Complete)
+- What I Wish I Knew When Learning Haskell - by Stephen Diehl
+