core: implement eip-7623

Co-authored-by: Marius van der Wijden <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <[email protected]>

return floor gas instead of tokens

apply floor after refunds

fix tests

fix gas return amount

fix tests

Author: MariusVanDerWijden

cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/transaction.go

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ func Transaction(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 			r.Address = sender
 		}
 		// Check intrinsic gas
-		if gas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil,
+		if gas, _, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil,
 			chainConfig.IsHomestead(new(big.Int)), chainConfig.IsIstanbul(new(big.Int)), chainConfig.IsShanghai(new(big.Int), 0)); err != nil {
 			r.Error = err
 			results = append(results, r)

core/bench_test.go

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ func genValueTx(nbytes int) func(int, *BlockGen) {
 	data := make([]byte, nbytes)
 	return func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		toaddr := common.Address{}
-		gas, _ := IntrinsicGas(data, nil, nil, false, false, false, false)
+		gas, _, _ := IntrinsicGas(data, nil, nil, false, false, false, false)
 		signer := gen.Signer()
 		gasPrice := big.NewInt(0)
 		if gen.header.BaseFee != nil {

core/error.go

@@ -80,6 +80,10 @@ var (
 	// than required to start the invocation.
 	ErrIntrinsicGas = errors.New("intrinsic gas too low")
 
+	// ErrDataFloorGas is returned if the transaction is specified to use less gas
+	// than required for the data floor cost.
+	ErrDataFloorGas = errors.New("insufficient gas for data floor cost")
+
 	// ErrTxTypeNotSupported is returned if a transaction is not supported in the
 	// current network configuration.
 	ErrTxTypeNotSupported = types.ErrTxTypeNotSupported

core/state_processor_test.go

@@ -251,9 +251,9 @@ func TestStateProcessorErrors(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			{ // ErrMaxInitCodeSizeExceeded
 				txs: []*types.Transaction{
-					mkDynamicCreationTx(0, 500000, common.Big0, big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), tooBigInitCode[:]),
+					mkDynamicCreationTx(0, 520000, common.Big0, big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), tooBigInitCode[:]),
 				},
-				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0xd491405f06c92d118dd3208376fcee18a57c54bc52063ee4a26b1cf296857c25]: max initcode size exceeded: code size 49153 limit 49152",
+				want: "could not apply tx 0 [0x3a30404d42d6ccc843d7c391fd0c87b9b9795a0c174261b46d2ac95ca17b81cd]: max initcode size exceeded: code size 49153 limit 49152",
 			},
 			{ // ErrIntrinsicGas: Not enough gas to cover init code
 				txs: []*types.Transaction{

core/state_transition.go

@@ -66,10 +66,14 @@ func (result *ExecutionResult) Revert() []byte {
 	return common.CopyBytes(result.ReturnData)
 }
 
-// IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' for a message with the given data.
-func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, authList []types.SetCodeAuthorization, isContractCreation, isHomestead, isEIP2028, isEIP3860 bool) (uint64, error) {
+// IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' and the number of tokens for EIP-7623
+// for a message with the given data.
+func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, authList []types.SetCodeAuthorization, isContractCreation, isHomestead, isEIP2028, isEIP3860 bool) (uint64, uint64, error) {
 	// Set the starting gas for the raw transaction
-	var gas uint64
+	var (
+		gas          uint64
+		floorDataGas uint64
+	)
 	if isContractCreation && isHomestead {
 		gas = params.TxGasContractCreation
 	} else {
@@ -85,26 +89,36 @@ func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, authList []types.Set
 				nz++
 			}
 		}
+		var (
+			z      = dataLen - nz
+			tokens = nz*params.TokenPerNonZeroByte7623 + z
+		)
+		// Check for overflow
+		if (math.MaxUint64-params.TxGas)/params.CostFloorPerToken7623 < tokens {
+			return 0, 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+		}
+		// Minimum gas required for a transaction based on its data tokens (EIP-7623).
+		floorDataGas = params.TxGas + tokens*params.CostFloorPerToken7623
+
 		// Make sure we don't exceed uint64 for all data combinations
 		nonZeroGas := params.TxDataNonZeroGasFrontier
 		if isEIP2028 {
 			nonZeroGas = params.TxDataNonZeroGasEIP2028
 		}
 		if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/nonZeroGas < nz {
-			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+			return 0, 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
 		}
 		gas += nz * nonZeroGas
 
-		z := dataLen - nz
 		if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/params.TxDataZeroGas < z {
-			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+			return 0, 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
 		}
 		gas += z * params.TxDataZeroGas
 
 		if isContractCreation && isEIP3860 {
 			lenWords := toWordSize(dataLen)
 			if (math.MaxUint64-gas)/params.InitCodeWordGas < lenWords {
-				return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
+				return 0, 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
 			}
 			gas += lenWords * params.InitCodeWordGas
 		}
@@ -116,7 +130,7 @@ func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, authList []types.Set
 	if authList != nil {
 		gas += uint64(len(authList)) * params.CallNewAccountGas
 	}
-	return gas, nil
+	return gas, floorDataGas, nil
 }
 
 // toWordSize returns the ceiled word size required for init code payment calculation.
@@ -417,13 +431,19 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	)
 
 	// Check clauses 4-5, subtract intrinsic gas if everything is correct
-	gas, err := IntrinsicGas(msg.Data, msg.AccessList, msg.SetCodeAuthorizations, contractCreation, rules.IsHomestead, rules.IsIstanbul, rules.IsShanghai)
+	gas, floorDataGas, err := IntrinsicGas(msg.Data, msg.AccessList, msg.SetCodeAuthorizations, contractCreation, rules.IsHomestead, rules.IsIstanbul, rules.IsShanghai)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if st.gasRemaining < gas {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, st.gasRemaining, gas)
 	}
+	// Gas limit suffices for the floor data cost (EIP-7623)
+	if rules.IsPrague {
+		if st.gasRemaining < floorDataGas {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrDataFloorGas, st.gasRemaining, floorDataGas)
+		}
+	}
 	if t := st.evm.Config.Tracer; t != nil && t.OnGasChange != nil {
 		t.OnGasChange(st.gasRemaining, st.gasRemaining-gas, tracing.GasChangeTxIntrinsicGas)
 	}
@@ -490,11 +510,28 @@ func (st *stateTransition) execute() (*ExecutionResult, error) {
 	var gasRefund uint64
 	if !rules.IsLondon {
 		// Before EIP-3529: refunds were capped to gasUsed / 2
-		gasRefund = st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotient)
+		gasRefund = st.refundAmount(params.RefundQuotient)
 	} else {
 		// After EIP-3529: refunds are capped to gasUsed / 5
-		gasRefund = st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotientEIP3529)
+		gasRefund = st.refundAmount(params.RefundQuotientEIP3529)
+	}
+
+	if st.evm.Config.Tracer != nil && st.evm.Config.Tracer.OnGasChange != nil && gasRefund > 0 {
+		st.evm.Config.Tracer.OnGasChange(st.gasRemaining, st.gasRemaining+gasRefund, tracing.GasChangeTxRefunds)
 	}
+	st.gasRemaining += gasRefund
+	if rules.IsPrague {
+		// After EIP-7623: Data-heavy transactions pay the floor gas.
+		if st.gasUsed() < floorDataGas {
+			prev := st.gasRemaining
+			st.gasRemaining = st.initialGas - floorDataGas
+			if t := st.evm.Config.Tracer; t != nil && t.OnGasChange != nil {
+				t.OnGasChange(prev, st.gasRemaining, tracing.GasChangeTxDataFloor)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	st.returnGas()
+
 	effectiveTip := msg.GasPrice
 	if rules.IsLondon {
 		effectiveTip = new(big.Int).Sub(msg.GasFeeCap, st.evm.Context.BaseFee)
@@ -585,19 +622,16 @@ func (st *stateTransition) applyAuthorization(msg *Message, auth *types.SetCodeA
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (st *stateTransition) refundGas(refundQuotient uint64) uint64 {
+func (st *stateTransition) refundAmount(refundQuotient uint64) uint64 {
 	// Apply refund counter, capped to a refund quotient
 	refund := st.gasUsed() / refundQuotient
 	if refund > st.state.GetRefund() {
 		refund = st.state.GetRefund()
 	}
+	return refund
+}
 
-	if st.evm.Config.Tracer != nil && st.evm.Config.Tracer.OnGasChange != nil && refund > 0 {
-		st.evm.Config.Tracer.OnGasChange(st.gasRemaining, st.gasRemaining+refund, tracing.GasChangeTxRefunds)
-	}
-
-	st.gasRemaining += refund
-
+func (st *stateTransition) returnGas() {
 	// Return ETH for remaining gas, exchanged at the original rate.
 	remaining := uint256.NewInt(st.gasRemaining)
 	remaining.Mul(remaining, uint256.MustFromBig(st.msg.GasPrice))
@@ -610,8 +644,6 @@ func (st *stateTransition) refundGas(refundQuotient uint64) uint64 {
 	// Also return remaining gas to the block gas counter so it is
 	// available for the next transaction.
 	st.gp.AddGas(st.gasRemaining)
-
-	return refund
 }
 
 // gasUsed returns the amount of gas used up by the state transition.

core/tracing/hooks.go

@@ -314,6 +314,9 @@ const (
 	GasChangeWitnessCodeChunk GasChangeReason = 17
 	// GasChangeWitnessContractCollisionCheck flags the event of adding to the witness when checking for contract address collision.
 	GasChangeWitnessContractCollisionCheck GasChangeReason = 18
+	// GasChangeTxDataFloor is the amount of extra gas the transaction has to pay to reach the minimum gas requirement for the
+	// transaction data. This change will always be a negative change.
+	GasChangeTxDataFloor GasChangeReason = 19
 
 	// GasChangeIgnored is a special value that can be used to indicate that the gas change should be ignored as
 	// it will be "manually" tracked by a direct emit of the gas change event.

core/txpool/validation.go

@@ -108,13 +108,19 @@ func ValidateTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, head *types.Header, signer types
 	}
 	// Ensure the transaction has more gas than the bare minimum needed to cover
 	// the transaction metadata
-	intrGas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, true, opts.Config.IsIstanbul(head.Number), opts.Config.IsShanghai(head.Number, head.Time))
+	intrGas, floorDataGas, err := core.IntrinsicGas(tx.Data(), tx.AccessList(), tx.SetCodeAuthorizations(), tx.To() == nil, true, opts.Config.IsIstanbul(head.Number), opts.Config.IsShanghai(head.Number, head.Time))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	if tx.Gas() < intrGas {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas %v, minimum needed %v", core.ErrIntrinsicGas, tx.Gas(), intrGas)
 	}
+	// Ensure the transaction can cover floor data gas.
+	if opts.Config.IsPrague(head.Number, head.Time) {
+		if tx.Gas() < floorDataGas {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas %v, minimum needed %v", core.ErrDataFloorGas, tx.Gas(), floorDataGas)
+		}
+	}
 	// Ensure the gasprice is high enough to cover the requirement of the calling pool
 	if tx.GasTipCapIntCmp(opts.MinTip) < 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%w: gas tip cap %v, minimum needed %v", ErrUnderpriced, tx.GasTipCap(), opts.MinTip)

core/verkle_witness_test.go

@@ -82,18 +82,18 @@ var (
 
 func TestProcessVerkle(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
-		code                            = common.FromHex(`6060604052600a8060106000396000f360606040526008565b00`)
-		intrinsicContractCreationGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(code, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
+		code                               = common.FromHex(`6060604052600a8060106000396000f360606040526008565b00`)
+		intrinsicContractCreationGas, _, _ = IntrinsicGas(code, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
 		// A contract creation that calls EXTCODECOPY in the constructor. Used to ensure that the witness
 		// will not contain that copied data.
 		// Source: https://gist.github.com/gballet/a23db1e1cb4ed105616b5920feb75985
-		codeWithExtCodeCopy                = common.FromHex(`0x60806040526040516100109061017b565b604051809103906000f08015801561002c573d6000803e3d6000fd5b506000806101000a81548173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff021916908373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff16021790555034801561007857600080fd5b5060008067ffffffffffffffff8111156100955761009461024a565b5b6040519080825280601f01601f1916602001820160405280156100c75781602001600182028036833780820191505090505b50905060008060009054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1690506020600083833c81610101906101e3565b60405161010d90610187565b61011791906101a3565b604051809103906000f080158015610133573d6000803e3d6000fd5b50600160006101000a81548173ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff021916908373ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff160217905550505061029b565b60d58061046783390190565b6102068061053c83390190565b61019d816101d9565b82525050565b60006020820190506101b86000830184610194565b92915050565b6000819050602082019050919050565b600081519050919050565b6000819050919050565b60006101ee826101ce565b826101f8846101be565b905061020381610279565b925060208210156102435761023e7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff8360200360080261028e565b831692505b5050919050565b7f4e487b7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600052604160045260246000fd5b600061028582516101d9565b80915050919050565b600082821b905092915050565b6101bd806102aa6000396000f3fe608060405234801561001057600080fd5b506004361061002b5760003560e01c8063f566852414610030575b600080fd5b61003861004e565b6040516100459190610146565b60405180910390f35b6000600160009054906101000a900473ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff1673ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff166381ca91d36040518163ffffffff1660e01b815260040160206040518083038186803b1580156100b857600080fd5b505afa1580156100cc573d6000803e3d6000fd5b505050506040513d601f19601f820116820180604052508101906100f0919061010a565b905090565b60008151905061010481610170565b92915050565b6000602082840312156101205761011f61016b565b5b600061012e848285016100f5565b91505092915050565b61014081610161565b82525050565b600060208201905061015b6000830184610137565b92915050565b6000819050919050565b600080fd5b61017981610161565b811461018457600080fd5b5056fea2646970667358221220a6a0e11af79f176f9c421b7b12f441356b25f6489b83d38cc828a701720b41f164736f6c63430008070033608060405234801561001057600080fd5b5060b68061001f6000396000f3fe6080604052348015600f57600080fd5b506004361060285760003560e01c8063ab5ed15014602d575b600080fd5b60336047565b604051603e9190605d565b60405180910390f35b60006001905090565b6057816076565b82525050565b6000602082019050607060008301846050565b92915050565b600081905091905056fea26469706673582212203a14eb0d5cd07c277d3e24912f110ddda3e553245a99afc4eeefb2fbae5327aa64736f6c63430008070033608060405234801561001057600080fd5b5060405161020638038061020683398181016040528101906100329190610063565b60018160001c6100429190610090565b60008190555050610145565b60008151905061005d8161012e565b92915050565b60006020828403121561007957610078610129565b5b60006100878482850161004e565b91505092915050565b600061009b826100f0565b91506100a6836100f0565b9250827fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff038211156100db576100da6100fa565b5b828201905092915050565b6000819050919050565b6000819050919050565b7f4e487b7100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000600052601160045260246000fd5b600080fd5b610137816100e6565b811461014257600080fd5b50565b60b3806101536000396000f3fe6080604052348015600f57600080fd5b506004361060285760003560e01c806381ca91d314602d575b600080fd5b60336047565b604051603e9190605a565b60405180910390f35b60005481565b6054816073565b82525050565b6000602082019050606d6000830184604d565b92915050565b600081905091905056fea26469706673582212209bff7098a2f526de1ad499866f27d6d0d6f17b74a413036d6063ca6a0998ca4264736f6c63430008070033`)
-		intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas, _ = IntrinsicGas(codeWithExtCodeCopy, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
-		signer                             = types.LatestSigner(testVerkleChainConfig)
-		testKey, _                         = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
-		bcdb                               = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase() // Database for the blockchain
-		coinbase                           = common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7")
-		gspec                              = &Genesis{
+		codeWithExtCodeCopy                   = common.FromHex(`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`)
+		intrinsicCodeWithExtCodeCopyGas, _, _ = IntrinsicGas(codeWithExtCodeCopy, nil, nil, true, true, true, true)
+		signer                                = types.LatestSigner(testVerkleChainConfig)
+		testKey, _                            = crypto.HexToECDSA("b71c71a67e1177ad4e901695e1b4b9ee17ae16c6668d313eac2f96dbcda3f291")
+		bcdb                                  = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase() // Database for the blockchain
+		coinbase                              = common.HexToAddress("0x71562b71999873DB5b286dF957af199Ec94617F7")
+		gspec                                 = &Genesis{
 			Config: testVerkleChainConfig,
 			Alloc: GenesisAlloc{
 				coinbase: {
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func TestProcessVerkle(t *testing.T) {
 		params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* SSTORE in constructor */
 		params.WitnessChunkReadCost + params.WitnessChunkWriteCost + /* write code hash for tx creation */
 		15*(params.WitnessChunkReadCost+params.WitnessChunkWriteCost) + /* code chunks #0..#14 */
-		4844 /* execution costs */
+		uint64(4844) /* execution costs */
 	blockGasUsagesExpected := []uint64{
 		txCost1*2 + txCost2,
 		txCost1*2 + txCost2 + contractCreationCost + codeWithExtCodeCopyGas,