75_blackwell_grouped_gemm.cu

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/*! \file
    \brief Grouped GEMM example using CUTLASS 3 APIs for the NVIDIA Blackwell SM100 architecture.

    This example demonstrates an implementation of Grouped GEMM using a TMA + Blackwell SM100 TensorOp-based warp-specialized kernel.
    For this example all scheduling work is performed on the device.
    The new feature showcased in this example is device-side modification of TMA descriptors
    to move between groups/problem_count (represented by groups).
    https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-c-programming-guide/#encoding-a-tensor-map-on-device

    To run this example:

      $ ./examples/75_blackwell_grouped_gemm/75_blackwell_grouped_gemm --m=2048 --n=2048 --k=2048 --groups=10

      The above example command makes all 10 groups to be sized at the given m, n, k sizes.
      Skipping any of the problem dimensions randomizes it across the different groups.
      Same applies for alpha and beta values that are randomized across the different groups.

    To run this example for a set of problems using the benchmark option:

      $ ./examples/75_blackwell_grouped_gemm/75_blackwell_grouped_gemm --benchmark=./test_benchmark.txt

      Where the test_benchmark.txt may look as such:
        0 256x512x128
        1 256x512x512
        2 512x256x128
        3 256x256x128
        4 256x512x1024
        5 1024x512x128 and so on
*/

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
#include <float.h>

#include "cutlass/cutlass.h"

#include "cute/tensor.hpp"
#include "cutlass/tensor_ref.h"
#include "cutlass/epilogue/collective/default_epilogue.hpp"
#include "cutlass/epilogue/thread/linear_combination.h"
#include "cutlass/gemm/dispatch_policy.hpp"
#include "cutlass/gemm/group_array_problem_shape.hpp"
#include "cutlass/gemm/collective/collective_builder.hpp"
#include "cutlass/epilogue/collective/collective_builder.hpp"
#include "cutlass/gemm/device/gemm_universal_adapter.h"
#include "cutlass/gemm/kernel/gemm_universal.hpp"

#include "cutlass/util/command_line.h"
#include "cutlass/util/distribution.h"
#include "cutlass/util/host_tensor.h"
#include "cutlass/util/packed_stride.hpp"
#include "cutlass/util/tensor_view_io.h"
#include "cutlass/util/reference/device/gemm.h"
#include "cutlass/util/reference/device/tensor_compare.h"
#include "cutlass/util/reference/device/tensor_fill.h"

#include "helper.h"
using namespace cute;

using ProblemShape = cutlass::gemm::GroupProblemShape<Shape<int,int,int>>; // <M,N,K> per group
using ElementA = cutlass::float_e4m3_t;                                    // Element type for A matrix operand
using ElementB = cutlass::float_e4m3_t;                                    // Element type for B matrix operand
using ElementC = cutlass::half_t;                                          // Element type for C and D matrix operands

#if defined(CUTLASS_ARCH_MMA_SM100_SUPPORTED)
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// GEMM kernel configurations
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// A matrix configuration
using         LayoutA     = cutlass::layout::RowMajor;                      // Layout type for A matrix operand
constexpr int AlignmentA  = 128 / cutlass::sizeof_bits<ElementA>::value;    // Alignment of A matrix in units of elements (up to 16 bytes)

// B matrix configuration
using         LayoutB     = cutlass::layout::ColumnMajor;                   // Layout type for B matrix operand
constexpr int AlignmentB  = 128 / cutlass::sizeof_bits<ElementB>::value;    // Alignment of B matrix in units of elements (up to 16 bytes)

// C/D matrix configuration
using         LayoutC     = cutlass::layout::ColumnMajor;                   // Layout type for C and D matrix operands
constexpr int AlignmentC  = 128 / cutlass::sizeof_bits<ElementC>::value;    // Alignment of C matrix in units of elements (up to 16 bytes)

// Core kernel configurations
using ElementAccumulator  = float;                                          // Element type for internal accumulation
using ArchTag             = cutlass::arch::Sm100;                           // Tag indicating the minimum SM that supports the intended feature
using OperatorClass       = cutlass::arch::OpClassTensorOp;                 // Operator class tag
using StageCountType = cutlass::gemm::collective::StageCountAuto;           // Stage count maximized based on the tile size

// Runtime Cluster Shape
using ClusterShape = Shape<int32_t,int32_t,_1>;

// Different configs for 1SM and 2SM MMA kernel
struct MMA1SMConfig {
  using MmaTileShape     = Shape<_128,_256,Int<128 / sizeof(ElementA)>>;
  using KernelSchedule   = cutlass::gemm::KernelPtrArrayTmaWarpSpecialized1SmSm100;   // Kernel to launch
  using EpilogueSchedule = cutlass::epilogue::PtrArrayTmaWarpSpecialized1Sm;          // Epilogue to launch
};

struct MMA2SMConfig {
  using MmaTileShape     = Shape<_256,_256,Int<128 / sizeof(ElementA)>>;
  using KernelSchedule   = cutlass::gemm::KernelPtrArrayTmaWarpSpecialized2SmSm100;   // Kernel to launch
  using EpilogueSchedule = cutlass::epilogue::PtrArrayTmaWarpSpecialized2Sm;          // Epilogue to launch
};

template <typename ScheduleConfig>
struct GivenGemmSchedule {
  using CollectiveEpilogue = typename cutlass::epilogue::collective::CollectiveBuilder<
    ArchTag, OperatorClass,
    typename ScheduleConfig::MmaTileShape, ClusterShape,
    cutlass::epilogue::collective::EpilogueTileAuto,
    ElementAccumulator, ElementAccumulator,
    ElementC, LayoutC *, AlignmentC,
    ElementC, LayoutC *, AlignmentC,
    typename ScheduleConfig::EpilogueSchedule,
    cutlass::epilogue::fusion::LinearCombination<ElementC, ElementAccumulator>
  >::CollectiveOp;

  using CollectiveMainloop = typename cutlass::gemm::collective::CollectiveBuilder<
    ArchTag, OperatorClass,
      ElementA, LayoutA *, AlignmentA,
      ElementB, LayoutB *, AlignmentB,
    ElementAccumulator,
    typename ScheduleConfig::MmaTileShape, ClusterShape,
    cutlass::gemm::collective::StageCountAutoCarveout<
      static_cast<int>(sizeof(typename CollectiveEpilogue::SharedStorage))>,
    typename ScheduleConfig::KernelSchedule
  >::CollectiveOp;

  using GemmKernel = cutlass::gemm::kernel::GemmUniversal<
      ProblemShape,
      CollectiveMainloop,
      CollectiveEpilogue
  >;

  using Gemm = cutlass::gemm::device::GemmUniversalAdapter<GemmKernel>;
};

using GemmKernel1SM = GivenGemmSchedule<MMA1SMConfig>::GemmKernel;
using Gemm1SM = GivenGemmSchedule<MMA1SMConfig>::Gemm;
using Gemm = Gemm1SM;

using GemmKernel2SM = GivenGemmSchedule<MMA2SMConfig>::GemmKernel;
using Gemm2SM = GivenGemmSchedule<MMA2SMConfig>::Gemm;

// Reference device GEMM implementation type
using DeviceGemmReference = cutlass::reference::device::Gemm<
  ElementA,
  LayoutA,
  ElementB,
  LayoutB,
  ElementC,
  LayoutC,
  ElementAccumulator,
  ElementAccumulator>;

using StrideA = typename Gemm::GemmKernel::InternalStrideA;
using StrideB = typename Gemm::GemmKernel::InternalStrideB;
using StrideC = typename Gemm::GemmKernel::InternalStrideC;
using StrideD = typename Gemm::GemmKernel::InternalStrideD;

// Host-side allocations
std::vector<int64_t> offset_A;
std::vector<int64_t> offset_B;
std::vector<int64_t> offset_C;
std::vector<int64_t> offset_D;

std::vector<StrideA> stride_A_host;
std::vector<StrideB> stride_B_host;
std::vector<StrideC> stride_C_host;
std::vector<StrideD> stride_D_host;

std::vector<ElementAccumulator> alpha_host;
std::vector<ElementAccumulator> beta_host;

// Device-side allocations
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename ProblemShape::UnderlyingProblemShape> problem_sizes;

cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::ElementA> block_A;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::ElementB> block_B;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::ElementC> block_C;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::EpilogueOutputOp::ElementOutput> block_D;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::EpilogueOutputOp::ElementOutput> block_ref_D;

cutlass::DeviceAllocation<const typename Gemm::ElementA *> ptr_A;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<const typename Gemm::ElementB *> ptr_B;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<const typename Gemm::ElementC *> ptr_C;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::EpilogueOutputOp::ElementOutput *> ptr_D;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<typename Gemm::EpilogueOutputOp::ElementOutput *> ptr_ref_D;

cutlass::DeviceAllocation<StrideA> stride_A;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<StrideB> stride_B;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<StrideC> stride_C;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<StrideD> stride_D;

// Note, this is an array of pointers to alpha and beta scaling values per group
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<ElementAccumulator*> alpha_device;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<ElementAccumulator*> beta_device;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<ElementAccumulator> block_alpha;
cutlass::DeviceAllocation<ElementAccumulator> block_beta;

#endif // defined(CUTLASS_ARCH_MMA_SM100_SUPPORTED)

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Testbed utility types
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

using RasterOrderOptions = typename cutlass::gemm::kernel::detail::PersistentTileSchedulerSm100GroupParams<typename ProblemShape::UnderlyingProblemShape>::RasterOrderOptions;
// Command line options parsing
struct Options {

  bool help = false;
  bool use_pdl = false;

  float alpha = FLT_MAX;
  float beta  = FLT_MAX;
  int iterations = 10;
  int m = 1024, n = 2048, k = 512, groups = 10;
  dim3 cluster_shape = dim3(4,2,1);
  dim3 cluster_shape_fallback = dim3(2,1,1);
  RasterOrderOptions raster_order = RasterOrderOptions::AlongM;
  int max_sm_count = INT_MAX;
  std::string benchmark_path;
  std::vector<typename ProblemShape::UnderlyingProblemShape> problem_sizes_host;
  int const tma_alignment_bits = 128;
  int const alignment = tma_alignment_bits / cutlass::sizeof_bits<ElementA>::value;

  // Parses the command line
  void parse(int argc, char const **args) {
    cutlass::CommandLine cmd(argc, args);

    if (cmd.check_cmd_line_flag("help")) {
      help = true;
      return;
    }
    if (cmd.check_cmd_line_flag("use_pdl")) {
      use_pdl = true;
    }

    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("m", m);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("n", n);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("k", k);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("groups", groups);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("alpha", alpha, FLT_MAX);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("beta",  beta,  FLT_MAX);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("iterations", iterations);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("benchmark", benchmark_path);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("cluster_m", cluster_shape.x);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("cluster_n", cluster_shape.y);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("cluster_fallback_m", cluster_shape_fallback.x);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("cluster_fallback_n", cluster_shape_fallback.y);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("max_sm_count", max_sm_count, INT_MAX);

    // Decide how to initialize the problems
    if (!benchmark_path.empty()) {
      if (!benchmark_problems()) {
        problem_sizes_host.clear();
        return;
      }
    }
    else {
      randomize_problems(cmd);
    }

    char raster_char;
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("raster", raster_char);

    if (raster_char == 'N' || raster_char == 'n') {
      raster_order = RasterOrderOptions::AlongN;
    }
    else if (raster_char == 'M' || raster_char == 'm') {
      raster_order = RasterOrderOptions::AlongM;
    }
  }

  void randomize_problems(cutlass::CommandLine &cmd) {
    int cmd_line_m = -1, cmd_line_n = -1, cmd_line_k = -1;
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("m", cmd_line_m);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("n", cmd_line_n);
    cmd.get_cmd_line_argument("k", cmd_line_k);

    problem_sizes_host.reserve(groups);

    for (int i = groups; i > 0; i--) {
      int m = cmd_line_m;
      int n = cmd_line_n;
      int k = cmd_line_k;
      if (m < 1) {
        m = alignment * ((rand() % 64) + 1);
      }
      if (n < 1) {
        n = alignment * ((rand() % 64) + 1);
      }
      if (k < 1) {
        k = alignment * ((rand() % 64) + 1);
      }
      problem_sizes_host.push_back({m, n, k});
    }
  }

  /// Load a benchmark
  bool benchmark_problems() {
    std::ifstream file(benchmark_path);
    if (!file.good()) {
      return false;
    }

    while (file.good()) {

      int idx = -1;
      std::string extent_str;

      file >> idx >> extent_str;

      if (idx < 0 || extent_str.empty()) {
        break;
      }

      cutlass::gemm::GemmCoord extent;
      std::vector<std::string> tokens;

      cutlass::CommandLine::tokenize(tokens, extent_str, 'x');

      for (int i = 0; i < int(tokens.size()); ++i) {
        int x = std::atoi(tokens.at(i).c_str());

        // round up
        if (x % alignment) {
          x += (alignment - (x % alignment));
        }

        extent.at(i) = x;
      }

      if (extent.product()) {
        problem_sizes_host.push_back({extent.m(), extent.n(), extent.k()});
      }
    }
    groups = static_cast<int>(problem_sizes_host.size());

    return true;
  }

  /// Prints the usage statement.
  std::ostream & print_usage(std::ostream &out) const {

    out << "75_blackwell_grouped_gemm\n\n"
      << "  Blackwell FP8 Grouped GEMM using a Warp Specialized kernel.\n\n"
      << "Options:\n\n"
      << "  --help                                                       If specified, displays this usage statement\n\n"
      << "  --m=<int>                                                    Sets the M extent of the GEMM for all groups\n"
      << "  --n=<int>                                                    Sets the N extent of the GEMM for all groups\n"
      << "  --k=<int>                                                    Sets the K extent of the GEMM for all groups\n"
      << "  --groups=<int>                                               Sets the number of individual GEMM problems for Grouped GEMM\n"
      << "  --alpha=<f32>                                                Epilogue scalar alpha\n"
      << "  --beta=<f32>                                                 Epilogue scalar beta\n\n"
      << "  --cluster_m=<int>          and --cluster_n=<int>             Sets the X,Y dims of the preferred cluster shape\n"
      << "  --cluster_fallback_m=<int> and --cluster_fallback_n=<int>    Sets the X,Y dims of the fallback cluster shape\n\n"
      << "  --raster=<char>                                              CTA Rasterization direction (N for along N, M for along M)\n\n"
      << "  --iterations=<int>                                           Number of profiling iterations to perform\n\n"
      << "  --benchmark=<str>                                            Executes a benchmark problem size\n"
      << "  --max_sm_count=<int>                                         Run kernels using only these number of SMs\n"
      << "  --use_pdl                                                    Launch kernel with PDL (Programmatic Dependent Launch) enabled\n";
                                                                                             
    out
      << "\n\nExamples:\n\n"
      << "$ " << "75_blackwell_grouped_gemm" << " --m=1024 --n=512 --k=1024 --groups=10 --alpha=2 --beta=0.707 \n\n";

    return out;
  }

  /// Compute performance in GFLOP/s
  double gflops(double runtime_s, std::vector<typename ProblemShape::UnderlyingProblemShape> problem_sizes_host) const
  {
    // Number of real-valued multiply-adds
    uint64_t fmas = uint64_t();

    for (auto const & problem : problem_sizes_host) {
      fmas += static_cast<uint64_t>(get<0>(problem)) *
              static_cast<uint64_t>(get<1>(problem)) *
              static_cast<uint64_t>(get<2>(problem));
    }
    // Two flops per multiply-add
    uint64_t flop = uint64_t(2) * uint64_t(fmas);
    double gflop = double(flop) / double(1.0e9);
    return gflop / runtime_s;
  }
};

/// Result structure
struct Result
{
  double avg_runtime_ms = 0.0;
  double gflops = 0.0;
  cutlass::Status status = cutlass::Status::kSuccess;
  cudaError_t error = cudaSuccess;
  bool passed = false;
};

#if defined(CUTLASS_ARCH_MMA_SM100_SUPPORTED)

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// GEMM setup and evaluation
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

/// Helper to initialize a block of device data
template <class Element>
bool initialize_block(
  cutlass::DeviceAllocation<Element>& block,
  uint64_t seed=2023) {

  Element scope_max, scope_min;
  int bits_input = cutlass::sizeof_bits<Element>::value;

  if (bits_input == 1) {
    scope_max = static_cast<Element>(2);
    scope_min = static_cast<Element>(0);
  } else if (bits_input <= 8) {
    scope_max = static_cast<Element>(2);
    scope_min = static_cast<Element>(-2);
  } else {
    scope_max = static_cast<Element>(8);
    scope_min = static_cast<Element>(-8);
  }

  cutlass::reference::device::BlockFillRandomUniform(
    block.get(), block.size(), seed, scope_max, scope_min, 0);

  return true;
}

/// Allocates device-side data
void allocate(const Options &options) {
  int64_t total_elements_A = 0;
  int64_t total_elements_B = 0;
  int64_t total_elements_C = 0;
  int64_t total_elements_D = 0;

  for (int32_t i = 0; i < options.groups; ++i) {

    auto problem = options.problem_sizes_host.at(i);
    auto M = get<0>(problem);
    auto N = get<1>(problem);
    auto K = get<2>(problem);

    offset_A.push_back(total_elements_A);
    offset_B.push_back(total_elements_B);
    offset_C.push_back(total_elements_C);
    offset_D.push_back(total_elements_D);

    int64_t elements_A = M * K;
    int64_t elements_B = K * N;
    int64_t elements_C = M * N;
    int64_t elements_D = M * N;

    total_elements_A += elements_A;
    total_elements_B += elements_B;
    total_elements_C += elements_C;
    total_elements_D += elements_D;

    stride_A_host.push_back(cutlass::make_cute_packed_stride(StrideA{}, {M, K, 1}));
    stride_B_host.push_back(cutlass::make_cute_packed_stride(StrideB{}, {N, K, 1}));
    stride_C_host.push_back(cutlass::make_cute_packed_stride(StrideC{}, {M, N, 1}));
    stride_D_host.push_back(cutlass::make_cute_packed_stride(StrideD{}, {M, N, 1}));

  }

  block_A.reset(total_elements_A);
  block_B.reset(total_elements_B);
  block_C.reset(total_elements_C);
  block_D.reset(total_elements_D);
  block_ref_D.reset(total_elements_D);
  block_alpha.reset(options.groups);
  block_beta.reset(options.groups);
}

/// Initialize operands to be used in the GEMM and reference GEMM
void initialize(const Options &options) {

  uint64_t seed = 2020;

  problem_sizes.reset(options.groups);
  problem_sizes.copy_from_host(options.problem_sizes_host.data());

  //
  // Assign pointers
  //

  std::vector<ElementA *> ptr_A_host(options.groups);
  std::vector<ElementB *> ptr_B_host(options.groups);
  std::vector<ElementC *> ptr_C_host(options.groups);
  std::vector<ElementC *> ptr_D_host(options.groups);
  std::vector<ElementAccumulator *> ptr_alpha_host(options.groups);
  std::vector<ElementAccumulator *> ptr_beta_host(options.groups);

  for (int32_t i = 0; i < options.groups; ++i) {
    ptr_A_host.at(i) = block_A.get() + offset_A.at(i);
    ptr_B_host.at(i) = block_B.get() + offset_B.at(i);
    ptr_C_host.at(i) = block_C.get() + offset_C.at(i);
    ptr_D_host.at(i) = block_D.get() + offset_D.at(i);
    alpha_host.push_back((options.alpha == FLT_MAX) ? static_cast<ElementAccumulator>((rand() % 5) + 1) : options.alpha);
    beta_host.push_back((options.beta == FLT_MAX) ? static_cast<ElementAccumulator>(rand() % 5) : options.beta);
    ptr_alpha_host.at(i) = block_alpha.get() + i;
    ptr_beta_host.at(i) = block_beta.get() + i;
  }

  ptr_A.reset(options.groups);
  ptr_A.copy_from_host(ptr_A_host.data());

  ptr_B.reset(options.groups);
  ptr_B.copy_from_host(ptr_B_host.data());

  ptr_C.reset(options.groups);
  ptr_C.copy_from_host(ptr_C_host.data());

  ptr_D.reset(options.groups);
  ptr_D.copy_from_host(ptr_D_host.data());

  stride_A.reset(options.groups);
  stride_A.copy_from_host(stride_A_host.data());

  stride_B.reset(options.groups);
  stride_B.copy_from_host(stride_B_host.data());

  stride_C.reset(options.groups);
  stride_C.copy_from_host(stride_C_host.data());

  stride_D.reset(options.groups);
  stride_D.copy_from_host(stride_D_host.data());

  alpha_device.reset(options.groups);
  alpha_device.copy_from_host(ptr_alpha_host.data());
  beta_device.reset(options.groups);
  beta_device.copy_from_host(ptr_beta_host.data());

  initialize_block(block_A, seed + 2023);
  initialize_block(block_B, seed + 2022);
  initialize_block(block_C, seed + 2021);
  block_alpha.copy_from_host(alpha_host.data());
  block_beta.copy_from_host(beta_host.data());
}

/// Populates a Gemm::Arguments structure from the given commandline options
template <typename Gemm>
typename Gemm::Arguments args_from_options(Options &options, bool host_problem_shapes_available = true)
{
  cutlass::KernelHardwareInfo hw_info;
  // Change device_id to another value if you are running on a machine with multiple GPUs and wish
  // to use a GPU other than that with device ID 0.
  hw_info.device_id = 0;
  hw_info.sm_count = min(cutlass::KernelHardwareInfo::query_device_multiprocessor_count(hw_info.device_id), options.max_sm_count);

  if (!is_static_v<ClusterShape>) {
    if (size<0>(typename Gemm::GemmKernel::CollectiveMainloop::AtomThrShapeMNK{}) == 2 &&
        (options.cluster_shape.x < 2 || options.cluster_shape_fallback.x < 2)) {
      std::cout << "Error: MMA2SMConfig kernel config needs cluster_dim.x >= 2" << std::endl;
    }
    hw_info.cluster_shape = options.cluster_shape;
    hw_info.cluster_shape_fallback = options.cluster_shape_fallback;
  }

  typename Gemm::Arguments arguments;
  decltype(arguments.epilogue.thread) fusion_args;
  fusion_args.alpha_ptr = nullptr;
  fusion_args.beta_ptr = nullptr;

  // If alpha/beta are provided (via cmd line args) and are scalar, then same alpha/beta applies to all batches.
  // If pointers to alpha/beta are provided, then alpha/beta can differ between batches/groups.
  if (options.alpha != FLT_MAX){
    // Single alpha for all groups
    fusion_args.alpha = options.alpha;
    fusion_args.alpha_ptr_array = nullptr;
    fusion_args.dAlpha = {_0{}, _0{}, 0};
  }
  else {
    fusion_args.alpha = 0;
    fusion_args.alpha_ptr_array = alpha_device.get();
    // Only one alpha per each group
    fusion_args.dAlpha = {_0{}, _0{}, 1};
  }
  if (options.beta != FLT_MAX) {
    // Single beta for all groups
    fusion_args.beta = options.beta;
    fusion_args.beta_ptr_array = nullptr;
    fusion_args.dBeta = {_0{}, _0{}, 0};
  }
  else {
    fusion_args.beta = 0;
    fusion_args.beta_ptr_array = beta_device.get();
    // Only one beta per each group
    fusion_args.dBeta = {_0{}, _0{}, 1};
  }

  typename Gemm::GemmKernel::TileSchedulerArguments scheduler;
  scheduler.raster_order = options.raster_order;

  if (host_problem_shapes_available) {
    arguments = typename Gemm::Arguments {
      cutlass::gemm::GemmUniversalMode::kGrouped,
      {options.groups, problem_sizes.get(), options.problem_sizes_host.data()},
      {ptr_A.get(), stride_A.get(), ptr_B.get(), stride_B.get()},
      {fusion_args, ptr_C.get(), stride_C.get(), ptr_D.get(), stride_D.get()},
      hw_info, scheduler
    };
  }
  else {
    arguments = typename Gemm::Arguments {
      cutlass::gemm::GemmUniversalMode::kGrouped,
      {options.groups, problem_sizes.get(), nullptr},
      {ptr_A.get(), stride_A.get(), ptr_B.get(), stride_B.get()},
      {fusion_args, ptr_C.get(), stride_C.get(), ptr_D.get(), stride_D.get()},
      hw_info, scheduler
    };
  }

  return arguments;
}

bool verify(const Options &options) {
  bool passed = true;
  for (int32_t i = 0; i < options.groups; ++i) {
    auto problem = options.problem_sizes_host.at(i);
    auto M = get<0>(problem);
    auto N = get<1>(problem);
    auto K = get<2>(problem);
    cutlass::TensorRef ref_A(block_A.get() + offset_A.at(i), Gemm::LayoutA::packed({M, K}));
    cutlass::TensorRef ref_B(block_B.get() + offset_B.at(i), Gemm::LayoutB::packed({K, N}));
    cutlass::TensorRef ref_C(block_C.get() + offset_C.at(i), Gemm::LayoutC::packed({M, N}));
    cutlass::TensorRef ref_D(block_ref_D.get() + offset_D.at(i), Gemm::LayoutD::packed({M, N}));

    //
    // Compute reference output
    //

    // Create instantiation for device reference gemm kernel
    DeviceGemmReference gemm_reference;

    // Launch device reference gemm kernel
    gemm_reference(
      {M, N, K},
      ElementAccumulator(alpha_host.at(i)),
      ref_A,
      ref_B,
      ElementAccumulator(beta_host.at(i)),
      ref_C,
      ref_D);

    // Wait for kernel to finish
    CUDA_CHECK(cudaDeviceSynchronize());

    // Check if output from CUTLASS kernel and reference kernel are equal or not
    passed &= cutlass::reference::device::BlockCompareEqual(block_ref_D.get() + offset_D.at(i), block_D.get() + offset_D.at(i), M * N);
  }
  return passed;
}

/// Execute a given example GEMM computation
template <typename Gemm>
int run(Options &options, bool host_problem_shapes_available = true)
{
  std::cout << "  Problem Sizes, Alpha, Beta " << std::endl;
  for (int32_t i = 0; i < options.groups; ++i) {
    std::cout << "    " << options.problem_sizes_host.at(i);
    std::cout << ", " << alpha_host.at(i) << ", " << beta_host.at(i) << std::endl;
  }
  std::cout << "  Groups      : " << options.groups  << std::endl;

  // Instantiate CUTLASS kernel depending on templates
  Gemm gemm;

  // Create a structure of gemm kernel arguments suitable for invoking an instance of Gemm
  auto arguments = args_from_options<Gemm>(options, host_problem_shapes_available);

  // Using the arguments, query for extra workspace required for matrix multiplication computation
  size_t workspace_size = Gemm::get_workspace_size(arguments);

  // Allocate workspace memory
  cutlass::device_memory::allocation<uint8_t> workspace(workspace_size);

  // Check if the problem size is supported or not
  CUTLASS_CHECK(gemm.can_implement(arguments));

  // Initialize CUTLASS kernel with arguments and workspace pointer
  CUTLASS_CHECK(gemm.initialize(arguments, workspace.get()));

  // Correctness / Warmup iteration
  CUTLASS_CHECK(gemm.run(/* stream = */ nullptr, /* cuda_adapter = */ nullptr, /* launch_with_pdl = */ options.use_pdl));

  // Check if output from CUTLASS kernel and reference kernel are equal or not
  Result result;
  result.passed = verify(options);

  std::cout << "  Disposition: " << (result.passed ? "Passed" : "Failed") << std::endl;

  if (!result.passed) {
    exit(-1);
  }

  // Run profiling loop
  if (options.iterations > 0)
  {
    GpuTimer timer;
    timer.start();
    for (int iter = 0; iter < options.iterations; ++iter) {
      CUTLASS_CHECK(gemm.initialize(arguments, workspace.get()));
      CUTLASS_CHECK(gemm.run(/* stream = */ nullptr, /* cuda_adapter = */ nullptr, /* launch_with_pdl = */ options.use_pdl));
    }
    timer.stop();

    // Compute average setup and runtime and GFLOPs.
    float elapsed_ms       = timer.elapsed_millis();
    result.avg_runtime_ms  = double(elapsed_ms) / double(options.iterations);
    result.gflops          = options.gflops(result.avg_runtime_ms / 1000.0, options.problem_sizes_host);

    std::cout << "  Avg runtime : " << result.avg_runtime_ms << " ms" << std::endl;
    std::cout << "  GFLOPS      : " << result.gflops << std::endl;
  }

  return 0;
}

#endif // defined(CUTLASS_ARCH_MMA_SM100_SUPPORTED)

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

int main(int argc, char const **args) {

  // CUTLASS must be compiled with CUDA 12.8 Toolkit to run this example
  if (__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ < 12 ||
       ((__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ == 12 && __CUDACC_VER_MINOR__ < 8)
       )
     ) {
    std::cerr << "This example requires CUDA 12.8 or newer.\n";
    // Returning zero so this test passes on older Toolkits. Its actions are no-op.
    return 0;
  }

  cudaDeviceProp props;
  int current_device_id;
  CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetDevice(&current_device_id));
  CUDA_CHECK(cudaGetDeviceProperties(&props, current_device_id));
  cudaError_t error = cudaGetDeviceProperties(&props, 0);
  if (!(props.major == 10 && props.minor == 0)) {
    std::cerr
      << "This example requires a GPU of NVIDIA's Blackwell Architecture (compute capability 100a).\n";
    return 0;
  }

  //
  // Parse options
  //

  Options options;

  options.parse(argc, args);

  if (options.help) {
    options.print_usage(std::cout) << std::endl;
    return 0;
  }

#if defined(CUTLASS_ARCH_MMA_SM100_SUPPORTED)
  allocate(options);
  initialize(options);

  //
  // Evaluate CUTLASS kernels
  //

  std::cout << "Running kernel with 1SM MMA config:" << std::endl;
  run<Gemm1SM>(options, false /*host_problem_shapes_available*/);
  std::cout << "Running kernel with 2SM MMA config:" << std::endl;
  run<Gemm2SM>(options, false /*host_problem_shapes_available*/);     
#endif

  return 0;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////