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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8"/>
<title>Computer Languages, Intro</title>
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<div class="slides">
<section id="sec-title-slide"><h1 class="title">Computer Languages, Intro</h1><p class="date">Created: 2017-11-14 Tue 09:01</p>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org6064ef9">
<h2 id="org6064ef9"><span class="section-number-2">1</span> Goals</h2>
<ul>
<li>Understanding :
<ul>
<li>the programming languages design space (tradeoffs)</li>
<li>the programming paradigms</li>
<li>how the programs are
<ul>
<li>interpreted</li>
<li>compiled</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Being able to :
<ul>
<li>choose programming languages</li>
<li>learn new programming languages</li>
<li>apply various programming paradigms in various languages when it
makes sense</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org2ca0a8d">
<h2 id="org2ca0a8d"><span class="section-number-2">2</span> Related</h2>
<ul>
<li>Advanced Algorithms
<ul>
<li>distributed : async</li>
<li>genetic programming homoiconocity</li>
<li>constraint programming</li>
</ul></li>
<li>ICPOO</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org3c99133">
<h2 id="org3c99133"><span class="section-number-2">3</span> What is a programming language ?</h2>
<ul>
<li>What is a language ?</li>
<li>What is programming ?</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org36c9237">
<h2 id="org36c9237"><span class="section-number-2">4</span> From CPU to human thought</h2>
<ul>
<li>What is a CPU (core) ?
<ul>
<li>Is it still the relevant computational unit ?</li>
</ul></li>
<li>What is human thought ?
-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapir_Whorf">Sapir-Whorf hypothesis</a></li>
<li>instructions vs expressions</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-orgc35e856">
<h2 id="orgc35e856"><span class="section-number-2">5</span> The main trade off</h2>
<p>
performance vs. expressiveness
programmer's time vs. CPU time
</p>
</section>
<section id="slide-org450d088">
<h3 id="org450d088"><span class="section-number-3">5.1</span> Performance ?</h3>
<p>
Benchmarks (e.g. <a href="http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/">http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/</a> )
</p>
<div class="figure">
<p><img src="n-bodies-bench.png" alt="n-bodies-bench.png" />
</p>
</div>
<div class="figure">
<p><img src="n-bodies-bench-multicore.png" alt="n-bodies-bench-multicore.png" />
</p>
</div>
<div class="figure">
<p><img src="regex-dna-bench.png" alt="regex-dna-bench.png" />
</p>
</div>
<div class="figure">
<p><img src="all-bench.png" alt="all-bench.png" />
</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="slide-org96b7fee">
<h3 id="org96b7fee"><span class="section-number-3">5.2</span> Expressiveness: LOC</h3>
<p>
OCaml vs. Java
</p>
<table border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" rules="groups" frame="hsides">
<colgroup>
<col class="org-left" />
<col class="org-left" />
<col class="org-left" />
<col class="org-left" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">Benchmark</td>
<td class="org-left">Time</td>
<td class="org-left">Memory</td>
<td class="org-left">Code</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">regex-dna</td>
<td class="org-left">1/2</td>
<td class="org-left">2×</td>
<td class="org-left">1/2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">reverse-complement</td>
<td class="org-left">±</td>
<td class="org-left">1/4</td>
<td class="org-left">3×</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">fannkuch-redux</td>
<td class="org-left">±</td>
<td class="org-left">1/24</td>
<td class="org-left">1/3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">spectral-norm</td>
<td class="org-left">±</td>
<td class="org-left">1/9</td>
<td class="org-left">1/3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">n-body</td>
<td class="org-left">2×</td>
<td class="org-left">1/24</td>
<td class="org-left">±</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">pidigits</td>
<td class="org-left">2×</td>
<td class="org-left">1/9</td>
<td class="org-left">2×</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">binary-trees</td>
<td class="org-left">2×</td>
<td class="org-left">1/5</td>
<td class="org-left">±</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">fasta</td>
<td class="org-left">2×</td>
<td class="org-left">1/9</td>
<td class="org-left">±</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">mandelbrot</td>
<td class="org-left">3×</td>
<td class="org-left">1/17</td>
<td class="org-left">±</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="org-left">k-nucleotide</td>
<td class="org-left">4×</td>
<td class="org-left">±</td>
<td class="org-left">1/6</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section id="slide-org803f8eb">
<h3 id="org803f8eb"><span class="section-number-3">5.3</span> Expressiveness: example</h3>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-java"><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">static</span> <span style="color: #ce537a; font-weight: bold;">boolean</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">isBlank</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>String <span style="color: #ce537a; font-weight: bold;">JavaDoc</span> <span style="color: #7590db;">str</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">{</span>
<span style="color: #ce537a; font-weight: bold;">int</span> <span style="color: #7590db;">strLen</span>;
<span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>str == <span style="color: #a45bad;">null</span> || <span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span>strLen = str.length<span style="color: #67b11d;">()</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span> == <span style="color: #a45bad;">0</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">{</span>
<span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">true</span>;
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">}</span>
<span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #ce537a; font-weight: bold;">int</span> <span style="color: #7590db;">i</span> = <span style="color: #a45bad;">0</span>; i < <span style="color: #ce537a; font-weight: bold;">strLen</span>; i++<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">{</span>
<span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>Character.isWhitespace<span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>str.charAt<span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>i<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span>
== <span style="color: #a45bad;">false</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span> <span style="color: #2d9574;">{</span>
<span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">false</span>;
<span style="color: #2d9574;">}</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">}</span>
<span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">return</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">true</span>;
<span style="color: #4f97d7;">}</span>
</pre>
</div>
<p>
<a href="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/6806810/The_Curious_Clojureist(Neal_Ford).pdf">vs.</a>
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-clojure"><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">defn</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">blank?</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span>s<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>every? #<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #ce537a; font-weight: bold;">Character</span><span style="color: #b2b2b2; background-color: #292b2e;">/</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5;">isWhitespace</span> <span style="color: #7590db;">%</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span> s<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org67c8605">
<h2 id="org67c8605"><span class="section-number-2">6</span> Safety vs power</h2>
<p>
Programming languages are defined by what that enable <b>and</b> by what they prevent.
</p>
<p>
<object type="image/svg+xml" data="Venn-useful-harmful.svg" class="org-svg">
Sorry, your browser does not support SVG.</object>
Dangerous is often interesting : tradeoffs wrt safety.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-orge57e6f0">
<h2 id="orge57e6f0"><span class="section-number-2">7</span> Abstractions</h2>
<p>
«Being abstract is something profoundly different from being vague … The
purpose of abstraction is not to be vague, but to create a new semantic
level in which one can be absolutely precise.» Edsger W. Dijkstra
</p>
</section>
<section id="slide-org868372b">
<h3 id="org868372b"><span class="section-number-3">7.1</span> Abstraction power and cost: example</h3>
<p>
Multicore programming:
</p>
<ul>
<li>Automatic parallelisation</li>
<li>Manual parallelisation wrt number of threads</li>
<li>Manual threads pinning on core wrt cache sharing</li>
</ul>
<p>
Cf. also automatic (or not) vectorisation with SIMD instructions.
</p>
</section>
<section id="slide-orgbd268c7">
<h3 id="orgbd268c7"><span class="section-number-3">7.2</span> Abstraction can (also) bring more efficient programs</h3>
<p>
Give more leeway to the compiler / interpreter to optimize.
</p>
</section>
<section id="slide-orgadf9a75">
<h3 id="orgadf9a75"><span class="section-number-3">7.3</span> Restrictions can bring more efficient programs</h3>
<p>
The less one can do, the easier for the compiler to optimize.
</p>
<p>
Pointers (references) aliasing.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-orga844348">
<h2 id="orga844348"><span class="section-number-2">8</span> Domain Specific Languages</h2>
<ul>
<li>external (lex & yacc)</li>
<li><a href="https://www.nofluffjuststuff.com/conference/dallas/2011/05/session?id=21351">internal</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org2fb91a4">
<h2 id="org2fb91a4"><span class="section-number-2">9</span> Scripting languages</h2>
<p>
shells are domain specific languages:
</p>
<ul>
<li>files</li>
<li>(streams of) line-oriented text processing</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org1abecd7">
<h2 id="org1abecd7"><span class="section-number-2">10</span> The power of a DSL: shell example</h2>
<p>
The McIlroy vs. Knuth legend:
</p>
<blockquote nil>
<p>
Read a file of text, determine the n most frequently used words, and print out a sorted list of those words along with their frequencies.
</p>
</blockquote>
<p>
Live Coding !
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org8241389">
<h2 id="org8241389"><span class="section-number-2">11</span> The power of a DSL: shell example</h2>
<p>
The McIlroy vs. Knuth legend:
</p>
<blockquote nil>
<p>
Read a file of text, determine the n most frequently used words, and print out a sorted list of those words along with their frequencies.
</p>
</blockquote>
</section>
<section id="slide-org1f270c7">
<h3 id="org1f270c7"><span class="section-number-3">11.1</span> Knuth   <span class="tag"><span class="BMCOL">BMCOL</span></span></h3>
<p>
D. Knuth
</p>
<blockquote nil>
<p>
… 10+ pages of (great) Pascal …
</p>
</blockquote>
</section>
<section id="slide-orgefda3a9">
<h3 id="orgefda3a9"><span class="section-number-3">11.2</span> McIlroy   <span class="tag"><span class="BMCOL">BMCOL</span></span></h3>
<p>
McIlroy
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-sh">tr -cs A-Za-z <span style="color: #2d9574;">'\n'</span> |
tr A-Z a-z |
sort |
uniq -c |
sort -rn |
sed $<span style="color: #4f97d7;">{</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">1</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">}</span>q
</pre>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org365995c">
<h2 id="org365995c"><span class="section-number-2">12</span> Design Patterns, Programming Paradigms</h2>
<ul>
<li>The curse of complexity, the quest for abstraction
<ul>
<li>variables : type !</li>
<li>funtions / subroutines : stack, scopes, argument passing</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org3cead57">
<h2 id="org3cead57"><span class="section-number-2">13</span> Function / subroutines</h2>
<ul>
<li>coroutines</li>
<li>concatenative (stack based) languages</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org946ad9a">
<h2 id="org946ad9a"><span class="section-number-2">14</span> static / stack / Dynamic allocation</h2>
<ul>
<li>garbage collector</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org907202c">
<h2 id="org907202c"><span class="section-number-2">15</span> Mutable / Immutable</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-15">
</div></section>
<section id="slide-org7f3b3b8">
<h3 id="org7f3b3b8"><span class="section-number-3">15.1</span> Mutability</h3>
<p>
<a href="http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Are-We-There-Yet-Rich-Hickey">(mutable) Object : State = Value + Time</a>
</p>
<ul>
<li>Hidden dependencies (side effects)</li>
<li>Concurrency issues</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="slide-orgde62fc4">
<h3 id="orgde62fc4"><span class="section-number-3">15.2</span> Languages without mutability ?</h3>
<p>
Value Oriented Programming (<i>functional</i> programming).
Applying functions as in mathematics.
</p>
<dl>
<dt>Imperative programming</dt><dd><a href="http://steve-yegge.blogspot.com/2006/03/execution-in-kingdom-of-nouns.html">kingdom of Nouns</a></dd>
<dt>Functional programming</dt><dd>kingdom of Verbs</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Iterations → Recursion.
</p>
<p>
Side effects needed for any useful program !
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org821e10d">
<h2 id="org821e10d"><span class="section-number-2">16</span> static / dynamic Typing</h2>
<ul>
<li>Dynamic typing:
<ul>
<li>(un)boxing of primitive type</li>
<li>great reusability</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Static typing:
<ul>
<li>whole program optimization</li>
<li>static polymorphism</li>
<li>compilation errors (good<sup><a id="fnr.1" class="footref" href="#fn.1">1</a></sup> !)</li>
</ul></li>
<li>static properties (not only types)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org252e061">
<h2 id="org252e061"><span class="section-number-2">17</span> Interpreter / compiler</h2>
<ul>
<li>JIT</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org01b577a">
<h2 id="org01b577a"><span class="section-number-2">18</span> Syntax</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-18">
</div></section>
<section id="slide-orgc8a9767">
<h3 id="orgc8a9767"><span class="section-number-3">18.1</span> Syntax ?</h3>
<dl>
<dt>C</dt><dd>C, C++, Java,…</dd>
<dt>LISP</dt><dd>cf. Abstract Syntax Tree : <b>homoiconicity</b>
<ul>
<li>a function call is a list</li>
<li>a function definition is a list</li>
</ul></dd>
</dl>
<div class="figure">
<p><img src="lisp-angry-meme.png" alt="lisp-angry-meme.png" />
</p>
</div>
<dl>
<dt>others</dt><dd>Ruby, PERL, Python, Withespace,…</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="slide-orgdcab622">
<h3 id="orgdcab622"><span class="section-number-3">18.2</span> Syntax: fixed vs. customizable</h3>
<p>
(real) macros ?
</p>
<ul>
<li>Homoiconicity → macros (<b>Read</b>, Eval, Print Loop)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-orgd231c26">
<h2 id="orgd231c26"><span class="section-number-2">19</span> Functional programming</h2>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org3704115">
<h2 id="org3704115"><span class="section-number-2">20</span> Object Oriented programming</h2>
<ul>
<li>(single) dynamic dispatching : Abstract Data Types (→ code reuse)</li>
<li>encapsulation</li>
<li>data hiding</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org4847958">
<h2 id="org4847958"><span class="section-number-2">21</span> Error Code / Exceptions</h2>
<p>
Stopping execution as soon as it stops making sense and going back (up the call
stack) to where the error can be handled.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org98fea9d">
<h2 id="org98fea9d"><span class="section-number-2">22</span> Single thread / Concurrency memory model</h2>
<ul>
<li>Atomicity</li>
<li>Locks</li>
<li>Thread Local storage</li>
<li>Immutability</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org0e60c1d">
<h2 id="org0e60c1d"><span class="section-number-2">23</span> Callbacks</h2>
<ul>
<li>Communicating Sequential Processes</li>
</ul>
<p>
<a href="https://swannodette.github.io/2013/07/12/communicating-sequential-processes">https://swannodette.github.io/2013/07/12/communicating-sequential-processes</a>
Cf. error handling wrt call stack !
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org8848c54">
<h2 id="org8848c54"><span class="section-number-2">24</span> Pattern matching</h2>
<p>
Dynamic dispatching but on values, not type.
<a href="https://github.com/clojure-cookbook/clojure-cookbook/blob/master/02_composite-data/2-27_and_2-28_custom-data-structures/2-27_red-black-trees-part-i.asciidoc">Rebalancing a Red-Black tree :</a>
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-clojure"><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">defn</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">balance</span>
<span style="color: #2aa1ae;">"Ensures the given subtree stays balanced by rearranging black nodes</span>
<span style="color: #2aa1ae;"> that have at least one red child and one red grandchild"</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span>tree<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>match <span style="color: #2d9574;">[</span>tree<span style="color: #2d9574;">]</span>
<span style="color: #2d9574;">[</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:or</span> <span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">;; </span><span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">Left child red with left red grandchild</span>
<span style="color: #b1951d;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:black</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:red</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:red</span> a x b<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span> y c<span style="color: #4f97d7;">]</span> z d<span style="color: #b1951d;">]</span>
<span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">;; </span><span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">Left child red with right red grandchild</span>
<span style="color: #b1951d;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:black</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:red</span> a x <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:red</span> b y c<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">]</span> z d<span style="color: #b1951d;">]</span>
<span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">;; </span><span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">Right child red with left red grandchild</span>
<span style="color: #b1951d;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:black</span> a x <span style="color: #4f97d7;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:red</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:red</span> b y c<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span> z d<span style="color: #4f97d7;">]</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">]</span>
<span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">;; </span><span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">Right child red with right red grandchild</span>
<span style="color: #b1951d;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:black</span> a x <span style="color: #4f97d7;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:red</span> b y <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:red</span> c z d<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">]</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">]</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">]</span> <span style="color: #2d9574;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:red</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:black</span> a x b<span style="color: #67b11d;">]</span>
y
<span style="color: #67b11d;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">:black</span> c z d<span style="color: #67b11d;">]</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">]</span>
<span style="color: #a45bad;">:else</span> tree<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org7b79815">
<h2 id="org7b79815"><span class="section-number-2">25</span> Grammar Matching</h2>
<p>
Meta language to program by implementing <a href="https://github.com/cgrand/seqexp">custom DSL over data</a>.
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-clojure"><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #ce537a; font-weight: bold;">se</span><span style="color: #b2b2b2; background-color: #292b2e;">/</span>exec
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #ce537a; font-weight: bold;">se</span><span style="color: #b2b2b2; background-color: #292b2e;">/</span>cat <span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #ce537a; font-weight: bold;">se</span><span style="color: #b2b2b2; background-color: #292b2e;">/</span>* odd?<span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">7</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span><span style="color: #a45bad;">1</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">3</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">3</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">7</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">7</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">9</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<pre class="example">
{:rest (9), :match (1 3 3 7 7)}
</pre>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org5ba7fbf">
<h2 id="org5ba7fbf"><span class="section-number-2">26</span> Constraints Solving</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-26">
</div></section>
<section id="slide-orgfde171e">
<h3 id="orgfde171e"><span class="section-number-3">26.1</span> Languages without sequential execution ?</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Rule-based (logic) programming</dt><dd>describing the goal rather than the algorithm.</dd>
<dt>Most famous logic programming</dt><dd>Prolog</dd>
<dt>Most used declarative language</dt><dd>SQL</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="slide-orga27e731">
<h3 id="orga27e731"><span class="section-number-3">26.2</span> logic code example: Sudoku solver 1/2</h3>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-clojure"><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">defn</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">get-square</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span>rows x y<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span style="color: #2d9574;">[</span>x <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>range x <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>+ x <span style="color: #a45bad;">3</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
y <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>range y <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>+ y <span style="color: #a45bad;">3</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">]</span>
<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span>get-in rows <span style="color: #67b11d;">[</span>x y<span style="color: #67b11d;">]</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
<span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">defn</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">init</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span>vars hints<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span>seq vars<span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span>
<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">let</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">[</span>hint <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>first hints<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">]</span>
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>all
<span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if-not</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>zero? hint<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
<span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>== <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>first vars<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span> hint<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
succeed<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span>
<span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>init <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>next vars<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>next hints<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span>
succeed<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</section>
<section id="slide-orgdbf4501">
<h3 id="orgdbf4501"><span class="section-number-3">26.3</span> logic code example: Sudoku solver 2/2</h3>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-clojure"><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">defn</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">sudokufd</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span>hints<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">let</span> <span style="color: #2d9574;">[</span>vars <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>repeatedly <span style="color: #a45bad;">81</span> lvar<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
rows <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">->></span> vars <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>partition <span style="color: #a45bad;">9</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span> <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>map vec<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span> <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>into <span style="color: #4f97d7;">[]</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
cols <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>apply map vector rows<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
sqs <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">for</span> <span style="color: #b1951d;">[</span>x <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>range <span style="color: #a45bad;">0</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">9</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">3</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
y <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>range <span style="color: #a45bad;">0</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">9</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">3</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">]</span>
<span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>get-square rows x y<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">]</span>
<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span>run <span style="color: #a45bad;">1</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">[</span>q<span style="color: #67b11d;">]</span>
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>== q vars<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>everyg #<span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>infd <span style="color: #7590db;">%</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>domain <span style="color: #a45bad;">1</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">2</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">3</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">4</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">5</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">6</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">7</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">8</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">9</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span> vars<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>init vars hints<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>everyg distinctfd rows<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>everyg distinctfd cols<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>everyg distinctfd sqs<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org144bc05">
<h2 id="org144bc05"><span class="section-number-2">27</span> Probabilistic Programming</h2>
<p>
Computing on probabilistic distributions instead of just plain numbers.
</p>
<div class="org-src-container">
<pre class="src src-clojure"><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">defdist</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">dirac</span>
<span style="color: #2d9574;">"Dirac distribution"</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[</span>x<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">]</span> <span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">; distribution parameters</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">[]</span> <span style="color: #2aa1ae; background-color: #292e34;">; auxiliary bindings</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>sample* <span style="color: #2d9574;">[</span>this<span style="color: #2d9574;">]</span> x<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span>
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>observe* <span style="color: #2d9574;">[</span>this value<span style="color: #2d9574;">]</span> <span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>= x value<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">0.0</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>- <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>/ <span style="color: #a45bad;">1.0</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">0.0</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-org0877239">
<h2 id="org0877239"><span class="section-number-2">28</span> New languages ?</h2>
<ul>
<li>userbase ?</li>
<li>libraries ?</li>
</ul>
<p>
Chicken and egg problem.
</p>
</section>
<section id="slide-orgce31199">
<h3 id="orgce31199"><span class="section-number-3">28.1</span> Targeting a plateform rather than an architecture (CPU & OS)</h3>
<p>
Piggybacking an existing plateform:
</p>
<dl>
<dt>Deployment</dt><dd>download and run</dd>
<dt>Libraries</dt><dd>"life is too short to write yet another XML parser."</dd>
<dt>JIT</dt><dd>Thousands<sup>citation needed</sup> of man years in Sun JVM</dd>
</dl>
<p>
→ new (or not !) languages target the JVM.
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-orgd7e42b1">
<h2 id="orgd7e42b1"><span class="section-number-2">29</span> Case Studies</h2>
<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-29">
</div></section>
<section id="slide-org05efb03">
<h3 id="org05efb03"><span class="section-number-3">29.1</span> PhD on time series data-mining</h3>
<p>
C++ vs. Java
</p>
<ul>
<li>single core</li>
<li>multicore</li>
<li>distributed</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="slide-org262ec52">
<h3 id="org262ec52"><span class="section-number-3">29.2</span> Scilab</h3>
<p>
Legacy !
</p>
<ul>
<li>Fortran</li>
<li>Fortran, C</li>
<li>Fortran, C, C++</li>
<li>Fortran, C, C++, Java</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="slide-org0ca1da0">
<h3 id="org0ca1da0"><span class="section-number-3">29.3</span> Twenga</h3>
<dl>
<dt>server</dt><dd>C++</dd>
<dt>client</dt><dd>PHP, javascript</dd>
<dt>devop</dt><dd>python, bash</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="slide-org60ab689">
<h3 id="org60ab689"><span class="section-number-3">29.4</span> XXX</h3>
<dl>
<dt>server</dt><dd>C++, moving to java</dd>
</dl>
<p>
scaling beyond single server
distributed (e.g. cloud) computing
</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section id="slide-orga4ec2ad">
<h2 id="orga4ec2ad"><span class="section-number-2">30</span> A new language</h2>
<ul>
<li>Interactive (REPL)</li>
<li>functional, strongly immutable</li>
<li>(single/multiple) dispatching</li>
<li>Homoiconic</li>
<li>Concurrency aware</li>
<li>Piggibacking a mature, feature-rich & efficient ecosystem : JVM</li>
</ul>
<p>
Will also speak about / use Java and Javascript (and ClojureScript).
</p>
</section>
<section id="slide-org2f236ad">
<h3 id="org2f236ad"><span class="section-number-3">30.1</span> Clojurescript</h3>
<pre><code class="language-klipse">(map #(/ (+ %1 %2) 2) [1 2 3] [2 4 6])</code></pre>
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