Python basics.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python basics"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 319,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from rich import inspect, pretty\n",
    "from rich import print\n",
    "from rich.traceback import install\n",
    "\n",
    "install(show_locals=True)\n",
    "pretty.install()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Variables"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### One to many assignement"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 320,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = b = c = 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Many to many assignment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 321,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a, b, c = 'a', 1, False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Pack"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 322,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'a'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span>, <span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration-color: #ff0000; font-style: italic\">False</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'a'\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m, \u001b[3;91mFalse\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d = a, b, c     \n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Unpack"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 323,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'a'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'a'\u001b[0m\n"
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     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "e, f, g = d\n",
    "e"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Swap variable values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 324,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'a'</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'a'\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b = b, a \n",
    "a, b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 325,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l = [1, 2, 3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### is operator"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 326,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #00ff00; text-decoration-color: #00ff00; font-style: italic\">True</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[3;92mTrue\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l2 = l\n",
    "l2 is l # compare object id's"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Shallow copy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 327,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration-color: #ff0000; font-style: italic\">False</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[3;91mFalse\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l2 = l.copy()  \n",
    "l2 is l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Sorted function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 328,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">[</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'c'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'d'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'b'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'a'</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">]</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m[\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'c'\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'd'\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'b'\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'a'\u001b[0m\u001b[1m]\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = ['c', 'd', 'b', 'a']\n",
    "l2 = sorted(l) # creates new sorted list\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Sort method"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 329,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">[</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'a'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'b'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'c'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'d'</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">]</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m[\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'a'\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'b'\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'c'\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'd'\u001b[0m\u001b[1m]\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l.sort() # sorts items in place\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Unpacking"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 330,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'c'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'c'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = [['c']]\n",
    "[[s]] = l\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Tuples"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 331,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'one'</span>,<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'one'\u001b[0m,\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = 'one',  # tuple with one item; comma is mandatory here\n",
    "t"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 332,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span>,<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m,\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = 1,\n",
    "t"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 333,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'abc'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">34</span>, <span style=\"color: #00ff00; text-decoration-color: #00ff00; font-style: italic\">True</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">40</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'male'</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'abc'\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m34\u001b[0m, \u001b[3;92mTrue\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m40\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'male'\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t = 'abc', 34, True, 40, 'male' \n",
    "t"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 334,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'abc'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">34</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'abc'\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m34\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b = t[:2]\n",
    "a, b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 335,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #00ff00; text-decoration-color: #00ff00; font-style: italic\">True</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[3;92mTrue\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration-color: #ff0000; font-style: italic\">False</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[3;91mFalse\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">74483176</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">74483176</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">74646336</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m74483176\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m74483176\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m74646336\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t1 = (1, 2, 3)\n",
    "t2 = t1\n",
    "t3 = t1[:1]\n",
    "print(t1 is t2)\n",
    "print(t1 is t3)\n",
    "id(t1), id(t2), id(t3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Using the * operator to grab excess items"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 336,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span>, <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">[</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">])</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m, \u001b[1m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, b, *rest = range(5)\n",
    "a, b, rest"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 337,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">[</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">5</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">7</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">]</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m7\u001b[0m\u001b[1m]\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a, *rest, c, d = range(10) \n",
    "a, rest, c, d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Sets"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 338,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">{</span><span style=\"color: #00ff00; text-decoration-color: #00ff00; font-style: italic\">True</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">34</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">40</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'abc'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'male'</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">}</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m{\u001b[0m\u001b[3;92mTrue\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m34\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m40\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'abc'\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'male'\u001b[0m\u001b[1m}\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = {'abc', 34, True, 40, 'male'} # set literal\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### * operator"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 339,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">{</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">5</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">7</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">}</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m{\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m7\u001b[0m\u001b[1m}\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{*range(4), 4, *(5, 6, 7)}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Dictionaries (mappings)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 340,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">{</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'red'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'green'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'blue'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">}</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m{\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'red'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'green'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'blue'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m}\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d = {'red': 1, 'green': 2, 'blue': 3} # dict literal\n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 341,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">{</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'red'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'green'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'blue'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">}</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m{\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'red'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'green'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'blue'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m}\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d = dict(red=1, green=2, blue=3) # dict constructor\n",
    "d"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Dict unpacking with ** operator"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 342,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">{</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'x'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">1</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'y'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'z'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">}</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m{\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'x'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'y'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'z'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m}\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def dump(**kwargs):\n",
    "    return kwargs\n",
    "\n",
    "dump(**{'x': 1}, y=2, **{'z': 3}) "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Merge operator"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 343,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">{</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'a'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'b'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'d'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'c'</span>: <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">}</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m{\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'a'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'b'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'd'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'c'\u001b[0m: \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m}\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "d1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 3, 'd': 8}\n",
    "d2 = {'a': 2, 'b': 4, 'c': 6}\n",
    "d1 | d2 # merge operator for mappings, values of d2 get priority"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 344,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">&lt;</span><span style=\"color: #ff00ff; text-decoration-color: #ff00ff; font-weight: bold\">class</span><span style=\"color: #000000; text-decoration-color: #000000\"> </span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'str'</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">&gt;</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m<\u001b[0m\u001b[1;95mclass\u001b[0m\u001b[39m \u001b[0m\u001b[32m'str'\u001b[0m\u001b[1m>\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'test'\n",
    "type(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Formatting strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 345,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'A string containing a replacement field.'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'A string containing a replacement field.'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "replacement_field = 'replacement field'\n",
    "f_string = f'A string containing a {replacement_field}.' # formatted string literal\n",
    "f_string"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 346,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\">\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span>\n",
       "    <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'This string will display 1/3 formatted as follows:   4.5'</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'This string will display 1/3 formatted as follows: 4.5'</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\n",
       "    \u001b[32m'This string will display 1/3 formatted as follows:   4.5'\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[32m'This string will display 1/3 formatted as follows: 4.5'\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "value = 4.5\n",
    "width = 5\n",
    "precision = 4\n",
    "base = 'b'     \n",
    "one_third = f'This string will display 1/3 formatted as follows: {value:{width}.{precision}}'\n",
    "two = f'This string will display 1/3 formatted as follows: {value:n}'\n",
    "one_third, two"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 347,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'My name is John, and I am 36'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'My name is John, and I am 36'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "age = 36\n",
    "txt = 'My name is John, and I am {}'\n",
    "txt.format(age)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 348,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'I want to pay 49.95 dollars for 3 pieces of item 567.'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'I want to pay 49.95 dollars for 3 pieces of item 567.'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "quantity = 3\n",
    "itemno = 567\n",
    "price = 49.95\n",
    "\n",
    "myorder = 'I want to pay {2} dollars for {0} pieces of item {1}.'\n",
    "myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 349,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'I want to pay 49.95 dollars for 3 pieces of item 567.'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'I want to pay 49.95 dollars for 3 pieces of item 567.'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "together = price, quantity, itemno\n",
    "myorder = 'I want to pay {} dollars for {} pieces of item {}.'.format(*together)\n",
    "myorder"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Slicing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 350,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s = '0123456789'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Start and Stop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 351,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'12'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'12'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[1:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Start, Stop and Step"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 352,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'24'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'24'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[2:6:2] "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Negative Step"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 353,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'9876543210'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'9876543210'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[::-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Negative Stop"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 354,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'234567'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'234567'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s[2:-2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Named slices"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 355,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'0123'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'4'</span>, <span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'56789'</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[32m'0123'\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'4'\u001b[0m, \u001b[32m'56789'\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "slice1 = slice(4)\n",
    "slice2 = slice(4, 5)\n",
    "slice3 = slice(5, None) # None means till the last position\n",
    "s[slice1], s[slice2], s[slice3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Functions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 356,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def f1(par1, par2, par3):\n",
    "    return par1 + par2 + par3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Call with named arguments (keyword arguments)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 357,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'cba'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'cba'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f1(par3='a', par2='b',par1='c')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Call with positional arguments"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 358,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008000; text-decoration-color: #008000\">'cba'</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[32m'cba'\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f1('c', 'b','a')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Generator expressions (genexp)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 359,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "g = ((2 * x, 3 * y) for x in range(5) for y in range(5)) \n",
    "print(*g)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## List comprehensions (listcomp)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 360,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\">\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">[</span>\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">4</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">0</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">3</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">6</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">9</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>,\n",
       "    <span style=\"font-weight: bold\">(</span><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">8</span>, <span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">12</span><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">)</span>\n",
       "<span style=\"font-weight: bold\">]</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\n",
       "\u001b[1m[\u001b[0m\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m9\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m,\n",
       "    \u001b[1m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m, \u001b[1;36m12\u001b[0m\u001b[1m)\u001b[0m\n",
       "\u001b[1m]\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = [(2 * x, 3 * y) for x in range(5) for y in range(5)]\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Conditional expression"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 361,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">2</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 1\n",
    "b = 2\n",
    "a if a > b else b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Lambda"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 362,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<pre style=\"white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace\"><span style=\"color: #008080; text-decoration-color: #008080; font-weight: bold\">210</span>\n",
       "</pre>\n"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "\u001b[1;36m210\u001b[0m\n"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "l = lambda x: x * 10\n",
    "l(21)"
   ]
  }
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