Pyth_SS24.ipynb

{
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  "nbformat_minor": 0,
  "metadata": {
    "colab": {
      "provenance": [],
      "collapsed_sections": [
        "-FrXhNNb-34a"
      ],
      "authorship_tag": "ABX9TyNpmRC50IpFgLuCUmLybgxt",
      "include_colab_link": true
    },
    "kernelspec": {
      "name": "python3",
      "display_name": "Python 3"
    },
    "language_info": {
      "name": "python"
    }
  },
  "cells": [
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "metadata": {
        "id": "view-in-github",
        "colab_type": "text"
      },
      "source": [
        "<a href=\"https://colab.research.google.com/github/YasamanMoradifard/Basic_ImageProcessing_functions/blob/main/Pyth_SS24.ipynb\" target=\"_parent\"><img src=\"https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg\" alt=\"Open In Colab\"/></a>"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#1. *Basics*"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-FrXhNNb-34a"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "1.1."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "iUEZtpYY-9iS"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "execution_count": null,
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Tm9MLyiH-qoq",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "outputId": "2d771f16-984e-489f-d863-26cd75762b3c"
      },
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Collecting loguru\n",
            "  Downloading loguru-0.7.2-py3-none-any.whl (62 kB)\n",
            "\u001b[2K     \u001b[90m━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━\u001b[0m \u001b[32m62.5/62.5 kB\u001b[0m \u001b[31m1.2 MB/s\u001b[0m eta \u001b[36m0:00:00\u001b[0m\n",
            "\u001b[?25hInstalling collected packages: loguru\n",
            "Successfully installed loguru-0.7.2\n"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": [
        "!pip install loguru\n",
        "#from loguru import logger"
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "from loguru import logger"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "l5Qb6jguKgq8"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "logger.debug(\"That is beautiful\")"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "oBFCuXuvK3rr",
        "outputId": "04669a44-1732-4c01-cdbd-0ada2d832801"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stderr",
          "text": [
            "\u001b[32m2024-05-15 07:34:11.917\u001b[0m | \u001b[34m\u001b[1mDEBUG   \u001b[0m | \u001b[36m__main__\u001b[0m:\u001b[36m<cell line: 1>\u001b[0m:\u001b[36m1\u001b[0m - \u001b[34m\u001b[1mThat is beautiful\u001b[0m\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "# 10. Funcitons"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-7UDEejmllEE"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def add():\n",
        "  pass"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "WnsDJmOIlgKb"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# mutable default parameters:\n",
        "\n",
        "def add_name(name, list_names = []):\n",
        "  list_names.append(name)\n",
        "  print(list_names)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "5r-CCQvAshee"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "add_name('Yas')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "qGSAhbQM3gB7",
        "outputId": "b912a6cb-0cf5-4612-e9c4-7a32bc8d7b70"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "['Yas']\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "add_name('Yas')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "MMCy3qQR3jzL",
        "outputId": "80120f70-a9d4-4e3b-b820-4bb60dc1c3e2"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "['Yas', 'Yas']\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "add_name('Yas')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "OWymoBow3kh_",
        "outputId": "abd72a07-33a7-446f-89bb-76e1446cfca2"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "['Yas', 'Yas', 'Yas']\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def add_name(name, list_names = None): # I force python to define the default parameter everytime it runs the function\n",
        "  if list_names is None:\n",
        "    list_names = []\n",
        "  list_names.append(name)\n",
        "  print(list_names)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "dH02MUdV3m0j"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "add_name('Yas')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "UU7O-XZP33tU",
        "outputId": "01ca868f-115a-4e81-f10e-4899d159ea8a"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "['Yas']\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "add_name('Yas')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Sz9Ws2-k34Qu",
        "outputId": "e0630186-b249-4f20-a51e-097d3f846a2f"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "['Yas']\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Pass by value or reference: functions doesn't change the value of a variable, it just point to another memory cell\n",
        "\n",
        "def f(x):\n",
        "  x = 10\n",
        "  print(x)\n",
        "\n",
        "y = 2\n",
        "f(y)\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "C9jOtY_335Cd",
        "outputId": "80c70f6c-ea8c-483b-bcf6-f09670a1fd7f"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "10\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "y"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "tHR5mLRc6dw2",
        "outputId": "814110d8-d040-4e26-a5a4-adb282c0faa2"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "2"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 19
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def f(x): # not rebinding, other examples: list, dictionary, ... # you can pass a copy to not make changes in the original variable\n",
        "  x[0] = 10\n",
        "  print(x)\n",
        "\n",
        "y = [0 , 0]\n",
        "f(y)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "EmiQonJK6etk",
        "outputId": "867aacd8-06e5-4db0-c106-124708f624f5"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "[10, 0]\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "y"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Dxrseym16r6L",
        "outputId": "f48155a4-b7d6-4b85-a600-4d3cf0c67a2e"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[10, 0]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 23
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# tuple packing\n",
        "#### you don't know how many variable you have as arguments, then use unpacking\n",
        "\n",
        "def f(a, b, *args):\n",
        "  print(args)\n",
        "\n",
        "f(0, 0, 1, 2, 3)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "WEP5EDkw8DHY",
        "outputId": "62efe287-a35b-4326-ede0-5b63fa34389e"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "(1, 2, 3)\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# tuple unpacking\n",
        "def f(a, b, c):\n",
        "\n",
        "  print(a, b, c)\n",
        "\n",
        "f([1, 2, 3])"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 176
        },
        "id": "2CCStgKQ-pR-",
        "outputId": "180e463b-4748-49f8-d2ae-d0791f61059b"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "TypeError",
          "evalue": "f() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'b' and 'c'",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-28-d3b175b49f55>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 6>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m   \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 6\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: f() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'b' and 'c'"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "list_1 = [1 , 2, 3]\n",
        "f(*list_1)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "T1ygHTyN-82y",
        "outputId": "adc1ca2e-c7a5-43dc-bfcb-be7237c3e785"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "1 2 3\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def ff(*args):\n",
        "  print(args)\n",
        "\n",
        "list_2 = [11 , 22, 33]\n",
        "ff(*list_1, *list_2)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "uDp-EH_f_CB9",
        "outputId": "fb7f1713-31c4-4c2b-8e92-1ca54836dcc1"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "(1, 2, 3, 11, 22, 33)\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# dictionary packing # we use this one for keyword arguments\n",
        "\n",
        "def f(**kwargs):\n",
        "  print(kwargs)\n",
        "\n",
        "dict_1 = {\n",
        "    'a':1,\n",
        "    'b':2,\n",
        "    'c': 3\n",
        "}\n",
        "\n",
        "f(dict_1)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 176
        },
        "id": "TmMTr5LB_PMq",
        "outputId": "af38bfa7-c675-4462-b4b0-08dd4f80f107"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "TypeError",
          "evalue": "f() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-40-c684a90e7d18>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 12>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     10\u001b[0m }\n\u001b[1;32m     11\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 12\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdict_1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: f() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(**dict_1)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "noTkkNCqAHUm",
        "outputId": "4f7c9877-2886-48a4-eab0-3b2412b6eb98"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(a = 11, b = 22, c = 33)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "fauEfzIFAKAx",
        "outputId": "efa283db-f26c-4280-98c6-2d2fcf6c0972"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "{'a': 11, 'b': 22, 'c': 33}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def f (a, b, *args, **kwargs):\n",
        "  print(a, b)\n",
        "  print('args: ', args)\n",
        "  print('kwargs: ', kwargs)\n",
        "\n",
        "f(1, 2, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), c = 2, d = 3)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "TeJzsEa_AO1g",
        "outputId": "62d175e8-c936-40ce-850b-c699f91f7c5f"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "1 2\n",
            "args:  ((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7),)\n",
            "kwargs:  {'c': 2, 'd': 3}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# make entering arguments optional\n",
        "def f(a = 0):\n",
        "  return a"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "7aeOwd4rFOvC"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "GzhLOgX2FT33",
        "outputId": "0ebf73c6-7c4d-49d9-8d4a-90d0e4d04795"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "0"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 46
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def name(*names, char = '.'):\n",
        "\n",
        "  return f'{char}'.join(names)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "kB-cd99DFWu6"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "name('yas', 'moradi', char = '_')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "fsrQ_lsVOOFX",
        "outputId": "cd52fbce-cf06-4cae-cd24-320a3ee8ccf6"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'yas.moradi'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 8
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def name(vor_name, nach_name, char = '.'):\n",
        "\n",
        "  return f'{char}'.join(vor_name, nach_name)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rrxsQDptOQ_y"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "name(vor_name = 'yas', nach_name = 'moradi')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 228
        },
        "id": "aN8y-O4oOwq6",
        "outputId": "41107e06-db33-44ae-9529-614821413a05"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "TypeError",
          "evalue": "str.join() takes exactly one argument (2 given)",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-16-897b9e45a7d6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 1>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvor_name\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'yas'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnach_name\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'moradi'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-14-b587ddfaabd5>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mname\u001b[0;34m(vor_name, nach_name, char)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvor_name\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnach_name\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mchar\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'.'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m   \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34mf'{char}'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mjoin\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvor_name\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnach_name\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: str.join() takes exactly one argument (2 given)"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "len([1,2])"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "C45A3WUxOxlX",
        "outputId": "d1b3ec17-4001-4994-af5c-170a325eea3e"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "2"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 17
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x: str = 2"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "B81zuRSFQO8D"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "oK232I5FTnTz",
        "outputId": "151cfea8-1507-4ea5-b914-41bbab9b7726"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "2"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 19
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def add(a: int, b: int = 8) -> str:\n",
        "  return str(a + b)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "yZSijJX5Tn96"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "add(1, 7.1)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "xSld5ltfT0ck",
        "outputId": "cce51070-50c4-4170-c371-63c87ac747e4"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'8.1'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 23
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "add.__annotations__['a']"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "QtZIHxqaT1nh",
        "outputId": "aa160242-3905-4d43-a988-e6456d0f9783"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "int"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 27
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "dir(__builtins__)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "QlxUgfq_UStM",
        "outputId": "9e65781c-0c2d-4bfe-a7b2-7e2615e1dce2"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "['ArithmeticError',\n",
              " 'AssertionError',\n",
              " 'AttributeError',\n",
              " 'BaseException',\n",
              " 'BlockingIOError',\n",
              " 'BrokenPipeError',\n",
              " 'BufferError',\n",
              " 'BytesWarning',\n",
              " 'ChildProcessError',\n",
              " 'ConnectionAbortedError',\n",
              " 'ConnectionError',\n",
              " 'ConnectionRefusedError',\n",
              " 'ConnectionResetError',\n",
              " 'DeprecationWarning',\n",
              " 'EOFError',\n",
              " 'Ellipsis',\n",
              " 'EncodingWarning',\n",
              " 'EnvironmentError',\n",
              " 'Exception',\n",
              " 'False',\n",
              " 'FileExistsError',\n",
              " 'FileNotFoundError',\n",
              " 'FloatingPointError',\n",
              " 'FutureWarning',\n",
              " 'GeneratorExit',\n",
              " 'IOError',\n",
              " 'ImportError',\n",
              " 'ImportWarning',\n",
              " 'IndentationError',\n",
              " 'IndexError',\n",
              " 'InterruptedError',\n",
              " 'IsADirectoryError',\n",
              " 'KeyError',\n",
              " 'KeyboardInterrupt',\n",
              " 'LookupError',\n",
              " 'MemoryError',\n",
              " 'ModuleNotFoundError',\n",
              " 'NameError',\n",
              " 'None',\n",
              " 'NotADirectoryError',\n",
              " 'NotImplemented',\n",
              " 'NotImplementedError',\n",
              " 'OSError',\n",
              " 'OverflowError',\n",
              " 'PendingDeprecationWarning',\n",
              " 'PermissionError',\n",
              " 'ProcessLookupError',\n",
              " 'RecursionError',\n",
              " 'ReferenceError',\n",
              " 'ResourceWarning',\n",
              " 'RuntimeError',\n",
              " 'RuntimeWarning',\n",
              " 'StopAsyncIteration',\n",
              " 'StopIteration',\n",
              " 'SyntaxError',\n",
              " 'SyntaxWarning',\n",
              " 'SystemError',\n",
              " 'SystemExit',\n",
              " 'TabError',\n",
              " 'TimeoutError',\n",
              " 'True',\n",
              " 'TypeError',\n",
              " 'UnboundLocalError',\n",
              " 'UnicodeDecodeError',\n",
              " 'UnicodeEncodeError',\n",
              " 'UnicodeError',\n",
              " 'UnicodeTranslateError',\n",
              " 'UnicodeWarning',\n",
              " 'UserWarning',\n",
              " 'ValueError',\n",
              " 'Warning',\n",
              " 'ZeroDivisionError',\n",
              " '__IPYTHON__',\n",
              " '__build_class__',\n",
              " '__debug__',\n",
              " '__doc__',\n",
              " '__import__',\n",
              " '__loader__',\n",
              " '__name__',\n",
              " '__package__',\n",
              " '__spec__',\n",
              " 'abs',\n",
              " 'aiter',\n",
              " 'all',\n",
              " 'anext',\n",
              " 'any',\n",
              " 'ascii',\n",
              " 'bin',\n",
              " 'bool',\n",
              " 'breakpoint',\n",
              " 'bytearray',\n",
              " 'bytes',\n",
              " 'callable',\n",
              " 'chr',\n",
              " 'classmethod',\n",
              " 'compile',\n",
              " 'complex',\n",
              " 'copyright',\n",
              " 'credits',\n",
              " 'delattr',\n",
              " 'dict',\n",
              " 'dir',\n",
              " 'display',\n",
              " 'divmod',\n",
              " 'enumerate',\n",
              " 'eval',\n",
              " 'exec',\n",
              " 'execfile',\n",
              " 'filter',\n",
              " 'float',\n",
              " 'format',\n",
              " 'frozenset',\n",
              " 'get_ipython',\n",
              " 'getattr',\n",
              " 'globals',\n",
              " 'hasattr',\n",
              " 'hash',\n",
              " 'help',\n",
              " 'hex',\n",
              " 'id',\n",
              " 'input',\n",
              " 'int',\n",
              " 'isinstance',\n",
              " 'issubclass',\n",
              " 'iter',\n",
              " 'len',\n",
              " 'license',\n",
              " 'list',\n",
              " 'locals',\n",
              " 'map',\n",
              " 'max',\n",
              " 'memoryview',\n",
              " 'min',\n",
              " 'next',\n",
              " 'object',\n",
              " 'oct',\n",
              " 'open',\n",
              " 'ord',\n",
              " 'pow',\n",
              " 'print',\n",
              " 'property',\n",
              " 'range',\n",
              " 'repr',\n",
              " 'reversed',\n",
              " 'round',\n",
              " 'runfile',\n",
              " 'set',\n",
              " 'setattr',\n",
              " 'slice',\n",
              " 'sorted',\n",
              " 'staticmethod',\n",
              " 'str',\n",
              " 'sum',\n",
              " 'super',\n",
              " 'tuple',\n",
              " 'type',\n",
              " 'vars',\n",
              " 'zip']"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 28
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Local -> Enclosing -> Global"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mky_1i4HVpJX"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = 'global'\n",
        "def f():\n",
        "  x = 'enclosing g, local f'\n",
        "  print(x)\n",
        "\n",
        "  def g():\n",
        "    x = 'local g'\n",
        "    return x\n",
        "  g()\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "f2w44xcdWl-E"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "1Wgsot43XJ2X",
        "outputId": "ce435191-9cd3-4322-9a34-aa17b7944e48"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'global'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 34
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "vGUYsVjWXKc8",
        "outputId": "13aa127f-b224-448a-e5c6-b351a7044741"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "enclosing g, local f\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "g()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 141
        },
        "id": "zmNB5j2cXMGq",
        "outputId": "7b3d4773-c602-4c58-804e-75bf32adb712"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "NameError",
          "evalue": "name 'g' is not defined",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-37-5fd69ddb5074>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 1>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mg\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'g' is not defined"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = 3 ## NEVER use this kinds of code, global!!!\n",
        "def f():\n",
        "  global x\n",
        "  print(x)\n",
        "  x = 2"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "GsJDvOu2XTW4"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "cAcn0ef8YoXT",
        "outputId": "3ca88306-510d-458c-f423-d5281bc0db1f"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "3\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "dir(print)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "u6GcnPxhYpes",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "outputId": "dba903fa-8bc3-4eb3-e3cd-5fdb5fd42d27"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "['__call__',\n",
              " '__class__',\n",
              " '__delattr__',\n",
              " '__dir__',\n",
              " '__doc__',\n",
              " '__eq__',\n",
              " '__format__',\n",
              " '__ge__',\n",
              " '__getattribute__',\n",
              " '__gt__',\n",
              " '__hash__',\n",
              " '__init__',\n",
              " '__init_subclass__',\n",
              " '__le__',\n",
              " '__lt__',\n",
              " '__module__',\n",
              " '__name__',\n",
              " '__ne__',\n",
              " '__new__',\n",
              " '__qualname__',\n",
              " '__reduce__',\n",
              " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
              " '__repr__',\n",
              " '__self__',\n",
              " '__setattr__',\n",
              " '__sizeof__',\n",
              " '__str__',\n",
              " '__subclasshook__',\n",
              " '__text_signature__']"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 1
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = [1, 2, 3]\n",
        "x * 3"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "dwrKVVLjNjmZ",
        "outputId": "8fd4444d-f456-40a6-bee1-e13c20a7b602"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 2
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "import numpy as np\n",
        "x = np.array([1 , 2, 3])\n",
        "x * 3"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "SDRlzIXeN5JR",
        "outputId": "3b8e488f-6e17-4ec6-9320-586aa809f9ef"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "array([3, 6, 9])"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 3
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def add(a, b, *args, **kwargs):\n",
        "  print(a)\n",
        "  print(b)\n",
        "  print(args)\n",
        "  print(kwargs)\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "add(1,2,3,4)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "F4OwmI3VN_cE",
        "outputId": "fcc425f6-27dc-4626-c805-056d67d2318a"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "1\n",
            "2\n",
            "(3, 4)\n",
            "{}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "mytuple = (1, )"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2jkpi5FBOaQi"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "len(mytuple)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "IwX8LzSOO0jr",
        "outputId": "e27239d9-fe92-48a9-98f3-38cc33c80bde"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "1"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 11
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "type(mytuple)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "mBi_ul8OO4yd",
        "outputId": "21929e05-7717-41b2-b881-5c39756e0c1a"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "tuple"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 12
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = ['1', '2', '3']\n",
        "y = ''.join(x)\n",
        "y"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "8_HFoc6TO7VF",
        "outputId": "933da682-6268-4867-9caf-17acc9b1955c"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'123'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 17
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = ['1', '2', 3]\n",
        "y = ''.join(x)\n",
        "y"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 176
        },
        "id": "pzqd3fuPPt9z",
        "outputId": "5c741e63-2b22-40b1-ff37-2c5fd40211ee"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "TypeError",
          "evalue": "sequence item 2: expected str instance, int found",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-15-42a012b33e3e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 2>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'1'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'2'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m''\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mjoin\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: sequence item 2: expected str instance, int found"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "y.find(\"1\")"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "hLzu78NKP121",
        "outputId": "b995e5fd-55f1-4116-97ff-8909b854b621"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "0"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 18
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'1' in x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "rTPQa1gGP75H",
        "outputId": "5c2afcaa-2306-4e58-ed11-d9b4adc02327"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 19
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "'1' in y"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "fhUiqBdiQBW2",
        "outputId": "58915adb-692b-4491-b533-c051edd92395"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 20
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "type(x)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "u4OlIrLhQCpL",
        "outputId": "3750ae8b-1d96-4b4f-dbe8-10db04b82d8a"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "list"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "type(y)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "jU1yBeg1QR_m",
        "outputId": "5fb97e0f-6f0c-454a-b3f2-d0eebbb0fa74"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "str"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 22
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = [1, 2, 3]\n",
        "z = x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "mu42IHzTQUxg"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Cv0WIF3mQuKn",
        "outputId": "3d2a2b5b-0f79-4d88-e0df-b9cca08bf6ac"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 30
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "z"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "R0nV3W-9QvIW",
        "outputId": "74579d3f-ae4a-42e3-bfb4-bc1e2640b056"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 31
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "z *= 2"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "9HMwOvRfQV8W"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "oa6vCx6gQxWs",
        "outputId": "9386df3d-cc28-4aa7-8da4-d0e02043a762"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 33
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "z"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "IVX2h3gLQ3TI",
        "outputId": "ad231d92-474f-4153-9ad9-b009bf79df1b"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 34
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x[0] = 0"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "T2fO5oZyQYAr"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "u_ilayVMQajx",
        "outputId": "f2e889e7-7205-4b8d-b271-992e9d89a388"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[0, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 36
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "z"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "z9CSfxPhQbAP",
        "outputId": "b04e9601-fcc0-4504-e43c-d94b2aa285f7"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[0, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 37
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "s1 = 'Ali'\n",
        "L1 = list(s1)\n",
        "s1"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "ZHFaj8IEQc3m",
        "outputId": "9970b730-306f-4ca7-9392-f41f916ba2fd"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Ali'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 38
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = [1, 2]\n",
        "x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "lsLk66jpQjcW",
        "outputId": "326dc72d-b3c0-4ee8-922b-c803e5e3ffd0"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 39
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "z = x.copy()\n",
        "z"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "TRVCgeIPRCfH",
        "outputId": "53f380b7-d183-4869-b9be-5ca54b6741b8"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 40
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "z *=2\n",
        "z"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "sY-px-5MRHZt",
        "outputId": "e6fcc073-95ac-41fb-f447-c71f303f3e41"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 1, 2]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 41
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "vdDcWnQ3RJrR",
        "outputId": "f384ee4b-5c0c-43f1-d12f-e25341a5a8ec"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 42
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Niiiiiice"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "tqiGeSqaRKmS"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = [i for i in range(10)]"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2mwC5IU8RMRF"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "y = [i for i in x if i > 5]"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "FsCBjiCoRexv"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "z = [(i, i+1) for i in range(-2, 2) if i % 2 == 0]"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "StJAV7fJRikT"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "2Okpd-cDRrnK",
        "outputId": "1364d0ac-5781-4493-c88c-98bf77c11348"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 47
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "y"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "xzMyPBgMRsgG",
        "outputId": "a60445be-1afa-47a1-ba4b-6b7ee0ac1b9d"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[6, 7, 8, 9]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 48
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "z"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "6glbsMJTRs2R",
        "outputId": "ded28f3b-5aba-43d1-d073-f11d6d0f8ee9"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[(-2, -1), (0, 1)]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 49
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "type(z)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "wrxfCWVwRtKP",
        "outputId": "8930d1ca-d5da-4c3b-dcd2-a97c6a60dc59"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "list"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 50
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "type(z[0])"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "w23MxBaqRvb7",
        "outputId": "33a95c9f-3b3f-4888-ea9f-7558cbeb629a"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "tuple"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 51
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "A0 = dict(zip(('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'), (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)))"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "9wtkj67GRwe3"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "A0"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "gJ-hhnRjR8uK",
        "outputId": "595da8a0-53aa-411b-e92b-be5a4359f27d"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'e': 5}"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 57
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "A1 = range(10)\n",
        "A1"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "X_Um3ck_R9el",
        "outputId": "4cd44e70-dd30-4105-8a91-53eaf2e634ca"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "range(0, 10)"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 59
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "A2 = [i for i in A1 if i in A0]\n",
        "A2"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "fVd0O1FfSE7f",
        "outputId": "cfe17284-5908-4248-b8e4-508f3dca6e91"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 63
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "A3 = sorted(A0[s] for s in A0)\n",
        "A3"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "QDt2-G6VSPmt",
        "outputId": "372ec84e-f20e-4a78-c540-6aeb45427450"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 65
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "A4 = [i for i in A1 if i in A3]\n",
        "A4"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "s7ErfUpPShew",
        "outputId": "c4326f74-db84-417f-8ea4-5285909a5cdb"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 67
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "A5 = {i: i*i for i in A1}\n",
        "A5"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "0lcOpJvvSqJZ",
        "outputId": "8f7f519d-e789-418d-b587-c7ab3aa21134"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81}"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 68
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "A6 = [[i, i*i] for i in A1]\n",
        "A6"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "nH_lwaElTAot",
        "outputId": "8c5eb9e2-c29a-440f-fcbc-70329a91b5b7"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[[0, 0],\n",
              " [1, 1],\n",
              " [2, 4],\n",
              " [3, 9],\n",
              " [4, 16],\n",
              " [5, 25],\n",
              " [6, 36],\n",
              " [7, 49],\n",
              " [8, 64],\n",
              " [9, 81]]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 69
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
        "y = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
        "z = [i**2 for i in x]\n",
        "z"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Ro-GA7bBTLxj",
        "outputId": "ce0fab15-de98-4620-9f64-3e803f405086"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[1, 4, 9, 16]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 75
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = ['foo', [1, 2, 3], 10.4]\n",
        "y = x[:]\n",
        "y[0] = 'foooooooo'\n",
        "y[1][0] = 4\n",
        "print(x, y, end = '*')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "BmdXZ3ZGTvTl",
        "outputId": "89ff42e4-2de9-4f15-82c4-58df7bca68aa"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "['foo', [4, 2, 3], 10.4] ['foooooooo', [4, 2, 3], 10.4]*"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def f(*args, **kwargs):\n",
        "  print(args, kwargs)\n",
        "\n",
        "l = [1, 2, 3]\n",
        "t = (4, 5, 6)\n",
        "d = {'a':7, 'b':8, 'c':9}"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "oAc1NppnUY1X"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "X-zQp8t7U27z",
        "outputId": "6c1b576b-e571-4602-b2b3-4a374b5623b9"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "() {}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(1, 2, 3)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "JFj1IgaeU3yq",
        "outputId": "2a86b13d-608e-4fd4-88da-10a3268ae9d4"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "(1, 2, 3) {}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(1, 2, 3, \"grooovy\")"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "M3Nuc261U8vu",
        "outputId": "a011f578-8f84-4c2f-f8ae-c5aaab2e7a1f"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "(1, 2, 3, 'grooovy') {}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(a=1, b=2, c=3)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Ksda6jMlVBx_",
        "outputId": "df70a757-1c25-4b98-f9da-dc5b09600b81"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "() {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(1, 2, 3, a=1, b=2, c=3)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "yiykz8ZxVHqo",
        "outputId": "a43ce0e1-b3a8-4f7a-e7d1-5346ed6cf840"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "(1, 2, 3) {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(*l, **d)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "KhW09qpmVM9C",
        "outputId": "3b162489-e543-4744-ca53-12bbc790b175"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "(1, 2, 3) {'a': 7, 'b': 8, 'c': 9}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(*t, **d)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Dt3KLlBOVUCx",
        "outputId": "e2c8b087-18c9-4a61-b0e8-7b3c659ce6ff"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "(4, 5, 6) {'a': 7, 'b': 8, 'c': 9}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(1, 2, *t)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "yK3kyAwsV2Dg",
        "outputId": "4a5d5408-549d-4cb4-cd3c-22c020c7a972"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "(1, 2, 4, 5, 6) {}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(q = 'hello', **d)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "38p7BemQV4fh",
        "outputId": "d7f7baab-5961-4918-fe55-58a4ed44f3af"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "() {'q': 'hello', 'a': 7, 'b': 8, 'c': 9}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def f(arg1, arg2, *args, **kwargs):\n",
        "  print(arg1, arg2, args, kwargs)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "0OKiQGeCV8Jy"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(1, 2, 3)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "RII2xbWnWLXe",
        "outputId": "32575692-f427-4bce-e82a-26039a6a4874"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "1 2 (3,) {}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(1, 2, 3, 'hello')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "W47v01X7WOx0",
        "outputId": "93740ca8-6f83-4032-aa65-426ab222e669"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "1 2 (3, 'hello') {}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "f(arg1=1, arg2=2, c=3)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "WDIPwwInWSrQ",
        "outputId": "d4186fa3-cc7e-42d7-d42e-3667330527f2"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "1 2 () {'c': 3}\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = 32\n",
        "\n",
        "isinstance(x, str)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "QchwQCuwWZDn",
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "outputId": "c30a432e-5de1-443a-d76a-3f645f685da5"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "False"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 3
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = [i for i in range(0, 10, 3)]\n",
        "x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "zVH3TaRzfPQD",
        "outputId": "0c880e18-0d6c-4f5e-b5ab-6e520cd33cd8"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[0, 3, 6, 9]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 14
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "z = [i for i in range(5, -5, -2)]\n",
        "z"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "z_7fmRXNhJdy",
        "outputId": "706f44d9-ba40-4f44-a774-509caa82566d"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[5, 3, 1, -1, -3]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 15
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "y= [i for i in range(5, -5, 2)]\n",
        "y"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "YuzVz7GqhMKq",
        "outputId": "df78091e-720c-4398-d7da-fb10bf497d9f"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 16
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def print_num(x: int) -> int:\n",
        "  nums = []\n",
        "  for num in range(11):\n",
        "    if num is x:\n",
        "      pass\n",
        "    else:\n",
        "      nums.append(num)\n",
        "  return nums\n",
        "\n",
        "\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "LBCruG6IhN_4"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "print_num(5)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "UTuOwC7XiG6B",
        "outputId": "5cd6eb44-f1e0-48d5-a6e5-deffb24be3b8"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 20
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def safe_int_convertor(x):\n",
        "\n",
        "  try:\n",
        "    converted = int(float(x))\n",
        "\n",
        "  except ValueError:\n",
        "    print(\"Value error: \", x)\n",
        "    converted = None\n",
        "\n",
        "  except TypeError:\n",
        "    print(\"Type error: \", type(x))\n",
        "    converted = None\n",
        "\n",
        "  finally:\n",
        "    print(\"Successful: \", x, \"-->\", converted)\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "qo0htz8qiLXF"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "safe_int_convertor(3.21)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "rmVjz1mmtC0m",
        "outputId": "a11c4c87-3f7f-4294-faf6-c959c12f1575"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Successful:  3.21 --> 3\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "safe_int_convertor('12.2')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "MurSUY5ZtFNZ",
        "outputId": "dfd766a2-2f99-495f-d8e8-9e66b3b4d66e"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Successful:  12.2 --> 12\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "safe_int_convertor('helo')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "6aA_RrwEtI_d",
        "outputId": "3c0786af-5c84-4d54-aff6-ff08dcda94bf"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Value error:  helo\n",
            "Successful:  helo --> None\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "safe_int_convertor([[1.2]])"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "SsBRnA9htLkM",
        "outputId": "91f5948a-c13e-42e5-e9e9-6cb0d481842b"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Type error:  <class 'list'>\n",
            "Successful:  [[1.2]] --> None\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "safe_int_convertor([['1.2']])"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "4zlXIvFJti6a",
        "outputId": "3fbfaf45-34b4-41c8-ec15-d2eeb45b8df4"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Type error:  <class 'list'>\n",
            "Successful:  [['1.2']] --> None\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "safe_int_convertor(None)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "DBs2anvctq_y",
        "outputId": "50b80e4f-8539-4d54-e8eb-85b1183d3fc1"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Type error:  <class 'NoneType'>\n",
            "Successful:  None --> None\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "def safe_int_convertor(x: int):\n",
        "    successful = False\n",
        "\n",
        "    try:\n",
        "        converted = int(float(x))\n",
        "        successful = True  # Set the flag to True if no exception is raised\n",
        "\n",
        "    except ValueError:\n",
        "        print(\"Value error: \", x)\n",
        "        converted = None\n",
        "\n",
        "    except TypeError:\n",
        "        print(\"Type error: \", type(x))\n",
        "        converted = None\n",
        "\n",
        "    finally:\n",
        "        if successful:\n",
        "            print(\"Successful: \", x, \"-->\", converted)\n",
        "\n",
        "# Test with the input ['hello']\n",
        "safe_int_convertor(['hello'])\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "2Qr04JIattGS",
        "outputId": "8f198a9c-02da-46f9-b648-3bd4938ad491"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Type error:  <class 'list'>\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "import numpy as np\n",
        "\n",
        "def safe_division(dividend, divisor):\n",
        "    try:\n",
        "        quotient = dividend / divisor\n",
        "    except (ZeroDivisionError, TypeError, ValueError) as e:\n",
        "        quotient = np.nan\n",
        "    finally:\n",
        "        print(f\"Result of safe_division({dividend}, {divisor}): {quotient}\")\n",
        "    return quotient"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Q_fnQcbfuQ5T"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "assert safe_division(10, 1) == 10, \"Ensure that you perform the division and return the quotient\"\n",
        "assert safe_division(10, 2.5) == 4, \"Ensure that you allow all necessary data types\"\n",
        "assert np.isnan(safe_division(10, \"1\")), \"Ensure that you handle this Exception correctly\"\n",
        "assert np.isnan(safe_division(10, 0)), \"Ensure that you handle this Exception correctly\""
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "dwMYDILLyZPy",
        "outputId": "cb94ded4-81bd-47e0-876f-fd42bc608b37"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Result of safe_division(10, 1): 10.0\n",
            "Result of safe_division(10, 2.5): 4.0\n",
            "Result of safe_division(10, 1): nan\n",
            "Result of safe_division(10, 0): nan\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x= 2\n",
        "x = list(x)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 159
        },
        "id": "Nc9b5VQ8ya97",
        "outputId": "7f748571-4f6f-46ca-dfc5-b7b9c74c0100"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "TypeError",
          "evalue": "'int' object is not iterable",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-48-b4711886d3f0>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 2>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlist\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'int' object is not iterable"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "x = 2\n",
        "x = [x]"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "cOTPhiqy4BRP"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## OOP"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pkvwep-t_cMV"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "student = ['Yas', 'Moradi', 27, 'student']"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "pPSe0mz04Cpd"
      },
      "execution_count": 1,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "We define our data type as a class."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "1SqztXYhArJg"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "class student:\n",
        "  pass\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "SRCH_93sAnWY"
      },
      "execution_count": 6,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "student_fau = student() # init will call"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ogeKTnBwA4pn"
      },
      "execution_count": 9,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "student_fau.name = 'Yai'"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "HxXWDkCmA-pD"
      },
      "execution_count": 10,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "student.age = 27"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "9LSqrXHHBI_P"
      },
      "execution_count": 11,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "class student:\n",
        "  def __init__(self,\n",
        "               first_name,\n",
        "               last_name,\n",
        "               age,\n",
        "               affinity\n",
        "               ):\n",
        "\n",
        "    print('Init is running...')\n",
        "    self.first_name = first_name\n",
        "    self.last_name = last_name\n",
        "    self.age = age\n",
        "    self.affinity = affinity\n",
        "\n",
        "  def speak(self, text):\n",
        "    print(f'The {self.first_name} says: {text}\\n')\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "gZRJjR4-BOz0"
      },
      "execution_count": 36,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "student_fau = student('Yas', 'Moradi', 27, 'student')\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "N2ImP4h3BwCj",
        "outputId": "b2c041d3-cda4-44d5-c0eb-b76499713995"
      },
      "execution_count": 37,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Init is running...\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "student.speak(student_fau, 'Hello world')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "HPWXavd9B_kF",
        "outputId": "5d490613-335b-4a37-ed87-619e6be5b47c"
      },
      "execution_count": 38,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "The Yas says: Hello world\n",
            "\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# syntantic sugar\n",
        "student_fau.speak('hey')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "YPFdJXqXCFIc",
        "outputId": "f0ed5d43-b020-4337-ef52-7f94e15312a0"
      },
      "execution_count": 39,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "The Yas says: hey\n",
            "\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "student_stanford = student('Yas', 'Moradi', 29, 'entrepreneur')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "dB_Ws0eeDDBP",
        "outputId": "2c03ca14-0b91-4b97-e793-262af367a037"
      },
      "execution_count": 40,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Init is running...\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "student.speak(student_stanford, 'Hello USA')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "aaM0xqfHEkrS",
        "outputId": "2d7b613f-9dda-463e-f2f6-75728361ff0a"
      },
      "execution_count": 41,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "The Yas says: Hello USA\n",
            "\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "class human:\n",
        "  \"\"\"Class human for all people living on planet Earth\"\"\"\n",
        "  planet = 'earth'\n",
        "  def __init__(self,\n",
        "               first_name,\n",
        "               last_name\n",
        "               ):\n",
        "    print('__init__ is running...')\n",
        "    self.first_name = first_name\n",
        "    self.last_name = last_name\n",
        "\n",
        "  def speak(self, text):\n",
        "    return f\"{self.first_name} from {self.planet} says {text}\""
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "2JN-imq3Epsw"
      },
      "execution_count": 64,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Yasi = human('Yasi', 'Moradi')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "A274wX3cFPFo",
        "outputId": "e53be8e0-87bc-4903-9711-f830f3b1cf5a"
      },
      "execution_count": 45,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "__init__ is running...\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Yasi.speak(\"Hello world\")"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "Y-WPNE0zFVtj",
        "outputId": "b7ea6551-cc57-4e64-b8c3-de0b55e7a6eb"
      },
      "execution_count": 46,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Yasi from earth says Hello world'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 46
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Yasi.__dict__"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "hdPJZJVBFeKu",
        "outputId": "231031bd-d69b-47d8-e5ee-006c7e3106e2"
      },
      "execution_count": 48,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "{'first_name': 'Yasi', 'last_name': 'Moradi'}"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 48
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Yasi.planet = 'Mars'"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "TL1ImbDRFiSh"
      },
      "execution_count": 49,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Yasi.speak(\"hi again\")"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "ROP6V03DFndc",
        "outputId": "edd6d1f5-4912-4f7c-e3b6-411e42b06a4b"
      },
      "execution_count": 50,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Yasi from Mars says hi again'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 50
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "human.__dict__"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "b1Xrd59CFq3L",
        "outputId": "c2d76f3a-2078-42e8-8ebc-8d9dcc539285"
      },
      "execution_count": 51,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "mappingproxy({'__module__': '__main__',\n",
              "              'planet': 'earth',\n",
              "              '__init__': <function __main__.human.__init__(self, first_name, last_name)>,\n",
              "              'speak': <function __main__.human.speak(self, text)>,\n",
              "              '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'human' objects>,\n",
              "              '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'human' objects>,\n",
              "              '__doc__': None,\n",
              "              '__annotations__': {}})"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 51
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "human.planet"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "GJQ-_WpcFwAS",
        "outputId": "aa3071c0-440e-4d17-95b2-8c703bf1f458"
      },
      "execution_count": 52,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'earth'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 52
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Yasi.planet"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "CQKadJa6F1pZ",
        "outputId": "a015e570-a4c3-4786-998c-2eba0e191896"
      },
      "execution_count": 53,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Mars'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 53
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "human.planet = 'Sun'"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "COls6ErSF3Tu"
      },
      "execution_count": 54,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "human.planet"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "yCN31ZdBF6lS",
        "outputId": "78615cde-f5ac-48bf-8a7d-d520022b2a9f"
      },
      "execution_count": 55,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Sun'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 55
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Amir = human('Amir', 'Moradi')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "njPYxas0F8L1",
        "outputId": "fcfc8231-0e4d-4b04-d526-41a6784d0336"
      },
      "execution_count": 56,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "__init__ is running...\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Amir.speak('I am Yasi\"s brother')"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "00wE-yz1GAsf",
        "outputId": "ee9edb1c-4624-4054-fe9e-35e5cf1ac90e"
      },
      "execution_count": 59,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Amir from Sun says I am Yasi\"s brother'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 59
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "human.x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 141
        },
        "id": "7XGR8-EWGCka",
        "outputId": "fcec6a6d-c7bd-4688-fc8e-b9b5af46dfce"
      },
      "execution_count": 61,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "AttributeError",
          "evalue": "type object 'human' has no attribute 'x'",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-61-678a2874420e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 1>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mhuman\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: type object 'human' has no attribute 'x'"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Yasi.x"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 141
        },
        "id": "rlze6RE-GN7O",
        "outputId": "3a225824-9a29-4047-9971-5dd81fd486e2"
      },
      "execution_count": 63,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "AttributeError",
          "evalue": "'human' object has no attribute 'x'",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-63-a57fd2774fad>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 1>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mYasi\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'human' object has no attribute 'x'"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Yasi.first_name"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "1phH18SmGUff",
        "outputId": "a600cafc-04f5-4f96-943e-ff05f7f2bb37"
      },
      "execution_count": 65,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Yasi'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 65
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "class car:\n",
        "\n",
        "  def __init__(self, color: str, mileage: int):\n",
        "    self.color = color\n",
        "    self.mileage = mileage\n",
        "\n",
        "  def basic_info(self):\n",
        "    return f\"The {self.color} car has {self.mileage} miles.\""
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ovvzlE5LHQm8"
      },
      "execution_count": 66,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Mercedz = car('Black', 20000)\n",
        "Mercedz.basic_info()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "wPH8Rh6pJM04",
        "outputId": "8b6dae4a-8e78-4518-eb5e-5243661edf14"
      },
      "execution_count": 68,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'The Black car has 20000 miles.'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 68
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "BMW = car('white', 3000000)\n",
        "BMW.basic_info()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "IYfkJQJGJT8W",
        "outputId": "29c01203-6a45-40ab-9949-866fd43a7c81"
      },
      "execution_count": 69,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'The white car has 3000000 miles.'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 69
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "## Inheritance"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "J1epVIN8Jh0c"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "class Rectangle:\n",
        "\n",
        "  def __init__(self, color, line_thickness, height, width):\n",
        "    self.color = color\n",
        "    self.line_thickness = line_thickness\n",
        "    self.height = height\n",
        "    self.width = width\n",
        "\n",
        "  def get_area(self):\n",
        "    return f\"Area equals to {self.width * self.height}\"\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "7Rer4b4QJgAY"
      },
      "execution_count": 85,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Rec_1 = Rectangle(\n",
        "    color='Blue',\n",
        "    line_thickness=2,\n",
        "    height=3,\n",
        "    width=4\n",
        ")"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "FKkVYJNRLYA-"
      },
      "execution_count": 86,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "Rec_1.get_area()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "tSzPh2lPLxxz",
        "outputId": "1eaa5233-5f40-479f-feba-659f99545a3f"
      },
      "execution_count": 88,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Area equals to 12'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 88
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "class Square:\n",
        "  def __init__(\n",
        "      self,\n",
        "      color,\n",
        "      line_thickness,\n",
        "      length\n",
        "  ):\n",
        "    self.color = color\n",
        "    self.line_thickness = line_thickness\n",
        "    self.length = length\n",
        "\n",
        "  def area(self):\n",
        "    return f\"Area of square equals to: {self.length **2}\"\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "L2Cr_EJ-L1xQ"
      },
      "execution_count": 89,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "s_1 = Square(\n",
        "    color='Red',\n",
        "    line_thickness=3,\n",
        "    length=12\n",
        ")"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "JnQBaELxMUiF"
      },
      "execution_count": 90,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "s_1.area()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "chILlaOvMifD",
        "outputId": "ae3dc5ae-6ff7-4124-b284-696a407ac885"
      },
      "execution_count": 91,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Area of square equals to: 144'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 91
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# Inheritence;\n",
        "\n",
        "class Square_I(Rectangle): # They are compeletly the same!!!\n",
        "  pass"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "U51ZJCKIMk1V"
      },
      "execution_count": 94,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "s_2 = Square_I(\n",
        "    color='yellow',\n",
        "    line_thickness=12,\n",
        "    height=2,\n",
        "    width=2\n",
        ")\n",
        "\n",
        "s_2.get_area()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "6SLZ8xegMsV9",
        "outputId": "34050836-60dd-4009-b403-210e5aadd635"
      },
      "execution_count": 95,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Area equals to 4'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 95
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# make changes in the elements that you wanna inheriet\n",
        "\n",
        "# Over write: chage where you wants!\n",
        "# You can also use father's methods(functions)\n",
        "\n",
        "class Square_io(Rectangle):\n",
        "\n",
        "  def __init__(\n",
        "      self,\n",
        "      color,\n",
        "      length):\n",
        "\n",
        "    self.color = color\n",
        "    self.length = length\n",
        "\n",
        ""
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "ngvmH6vyM7Nl"
      },
      "execution_count": 100,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "s_3 = Square_io('Black', 3)\n",
        "s_3.get_area()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 245
        },
        "id": "7mVBtBWoNsR2",
        "outputId": "57d859ab-a0f5-413d-8127-c5286ff91db6"
      },
      "execution_count": 101,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "error",
          "ename": "AttributeError",
          "evalue": "'Square_io' object has no attribute 'width'",
          "traceback": [
            "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-101-1c449d51d4ec>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<cell line: 2>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0ms_3\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mSquare_io\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Black'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ms_3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_area\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-85-94d890a8207f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_area\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      8\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      9\u001b[0m   \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mget_area\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m---> 10\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34mf\"Area equals to {self.width * self.height}\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
            "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'Square_io' object has no attribute 'width'"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# make changes in the elements that you wanna inheriet\n",
        "\n",
        "# Over write: chage where you wants!\n",
        "# You can also use father's methods(functions)\n",
        "\n",
        "class Square_io(Rectangle):\n",
        "\n",
        "  def __init__(\n",
        "      self,\n",
        "      color,\n",
        "      length):\n",
        "    print(\"Square_io is running\")\n",
        "\n",
        "    super(Square_io, self).__init__(\n",
        "        color=color,\n",
        "        line_thickness=None,\n",
        "        width=length,\n",
        "        height=length\n",
        "\n",
        "    )\n",
        "  def __str__(self): # The ourput or text that you waanna print with your class!\n",
        "    return f\"The type of you square is: {type(self).__name__}\"\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6vIhLpP5Nz54"
      },
      "execution_count": 132,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "s_3 = Square_io('Black', 3)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "-XIzuQSNO5xa",
        "outputId": "e909e89a-b39b-42d5-a29b-5f5fe4dd04c0"
      },
      "execution_count": 129,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "stream",
          "name": "stdout",
          "text": [
            "Square_io is running\n"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "s_3.get_area() # now you can use the functions (methods) from father's class"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "ySgA8V90O8ud",
        "outputId": "3887a5c1-d0fe-4a28-eff5-d324c9ac7c05"
      },
      "execution_count": 130,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'Area equals to 9'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 130
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "s_3.__str__()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 35
        },
        "id": "PrOOQ0krSSPg",
        "outputId": "02e1e238-de92-478b-9bb4-b4b904db4899"
      },
      "execution_count": 131,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "'The type of you square is: Square_io'"
            ],
            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
              "type": "string"
            }
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 131
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "# any changes in parents, whould apply to children too! so it's not that much too"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "0bcpemdQPBpe"
      },
      "execution_count": 106,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "isinstance(1, int)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "OexAFpTnP-Nz",
        "outputId": "d33172fa-b943-42f8-86af-cc5f0ab0e5c8"
      },
      "execution_count": 133,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 133
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "issubclass(Square, Rectangle)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "VC6bPpBITll5",
        "outputId": "3c48688d-6ba9-4933-e3f9-182502893e78"
      },
      "execution_count": 135,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "False"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 135
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "issubclass(Square_io, Rectangle)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "e3ZcoDVUTq2z",
        "outputId": "166fbb3e-20be-4919-9497-389e1a5aead2"
      },
      "execution_count": 136,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "True"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 136
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "4PLST8R7Tvv1"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    }
  ]
}