[fix/docs]: Improve backtracking/rat_maze.cpp (#1084)

* [fix/docs]: Improve backtracking/rat_maze.cpp

* test: Added tests

* test: Move tests to a separate test function

Author: Panquesito7

backtracking/rat_maze.cpp

@@ -1,62 +1,113 @@
-/*
-    A Maze is given as N*N binary matrix of blocks where source block is the
-   upper left most block i.e., maze[0][0] and destination block is lower
-   rightmost block i.e., maze[N-1][N-1]. A rat starts from source and has to
-   reach destination. The rat can move only in two directions: forward and down.
-   In the maze matrix, 0 means the block is dead end and 1 means the block can
-   be used in the path from source to destination.
-*/
-#include <iostream>
-#define size 4
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @brief Implements [Rat in a
+ * Maze](https://www.codesdope.com/blog/article/backtracking-to-
+ * solve-a-rat-in-a-maze-c-java-pytho/) algorithm
+ *
+ * @details
+ * A Maze is given as N*N binary matrix of blocks where source block is the
+ * upper left most block i.e., maze[0][0] and destination block is lower
+ * rightmost block i.e., maze[N-1][N-1]. A rat starts from source and has to
+ * reach destination. The rat can move only in two directions: forward and down.
+ * In the maze matrix, 0 means the block is dead end and 1 means the block can
+ * be used in the path from source to destination.
+ *
+ * @author [Vaibhav Thakkar](https://github.com/vaithak)
+ * @author [David Leal](https://github.com/Panquesito7)
+ */
 
-using namespace std;
+#include <array>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cassert>
 
-int solveMaze(int currposrow, int currposcol, int maze[size][size],
-              int soln[size][size]) {
+/**
+ * @namespace backtracking
+ * @brief Backtracking algorithms
+ */
+namespace backtracking {
+/**
+ * @namespace rat_maze
+ * @brief Functions for [Rat in a
+ * Maze](https://www.codesdope.com/blog/article/backtracking-to-
+ * solve-a-rat-in-a-maze-c-java-pytho/) algorithm
+ */
+namespace rat_maze {
+/**
+ * @brief Solve rat maze problem
+ * @tparam size number of matrix size
+ * @param currposrow current position in rows
+ * @param currposcol current position in columns
+ * @param maze matrix where numbers are saved
+ * @param soln matrix to problem solution
+ * @returns 0 on end
+ */
+template <size_t size>
+bool solveMaze(int currposrow, int currposcol,
+              const std::array<std::array<int, size>, size> &maze,
+              std::array<std::array<int, size>, size> soln) {
     if ((currposrow == size - 1) && (currposcol == size - 1)) {
         soln[currposrow][currposcol] = 1;
         for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
             for (int j = 0; j < size; ++j) {
-                cout << soln[i][j];
+                std::cout << soln[i][j] << " ";
             }
-            cout << endl;
+            std::cout << std::endl;
         }
-        return 1;
+        return true;
     } else {
         soln[currposrow][currposcol] = 1;
 
-        // if there exist a solution by moving one step ahead in a collumn
+        // if there exist a solution by moving one step ahead in a column
         if ((currposcol < size - 1) && maze[currposrow][currposcol + 1] == 1 &&
             solveMaze(currposrow, currposcol + 1, maze, soln)) {
-            return 1;
+            return true;
         }
 
         // if there exists a solution by moving one step ahead in a row
         if ((currposrow < size - 1) && maze[currposrow + 1][currposcol] == 1 &&
             solveMaze(currposrow + 1, currposcol, maze, soln)) {
-            return 1;
+            return true;
         }
 
         // the backtracking part
         soln[currposrow][currposcol] = 0;
-        return 0;
+        return false;
     }
 }
+}  // namespace rat_maze
+}  // namespace backtracking
 
-int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) {
-    int maze[size][size] = {
-        {1, 0, 1, 0}, {1, 0, 1, 1}, {1, 0, 0, 1}, {1, 1, 1, 1}};
+/**
+ * @brief Test implementations
+ * @returns void
+ */
+static void test(){
+    const int size = 4;
+    std::array<std::array<int, size>, size> maze = {
+        std::array<int, size>{1, 0, 1, 0}, std::array<int, size>{1, 0, 1, 1},
+        std::array<int, size>{1, 0, 0, 1}, std::array<int, size>{1, 1, 1, 1}};
 
-    int soln[size][size];
+    std::array<std::array<int, size>, size> soln{};
 
+    // Backtracking: setup matrix solution to zero
     for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
         for (int j = 0; j < size; ++j) {
             soln[i][j] = 0;
         }
     }
 
-    int currposrow = 0;
-    int currposcol = 0;
-    solveMaze(currposrow, currposcol, maze, soln);
+    int currposrow = 0;  // Current position in rows
+    int currposcol = 0;  // Current position in columns
+
+    assert(backtracking::rat_maze::solveMaze<size>(currposrow, currposcol, maze,
+                                                   soln) == 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Main function
+ * @returns 0 on exit
+ */
+int main() {
+    test(); // run the tests
     return 0;
 }