feat: add duval's algorithm (#2725)

* feat: Add Duval's algorithm for the lexicographically smallest rotation in a sequence.

* fixes.

* fixes.

Author: aminegh20

strings/duval.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/**
+ * @file duval.cpp
+ * @brief Implementation of [Duval's algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_word).
+ *
+ * @details
+ * Duval's algorithm is an algorithm to find the lexicographically smallest
+ * rotation of a string. It is based on the concept of Lyndon words.
+ * Lyndon words are defined as the lexicographically smallest string in a
+ * rotation equivalence class. A rotation equivalence class is a set of strings
+ * that can be obtained by rotating a string. For example, the rotation
+ * equivalence class of "abc" is {"abc", "bca", "cab"}. The lexicographically
+ * smallest string in this class is "abc".
+ *
+ * Duval's algorithm works by iterating over the string and finding the
+ * smallest rotation of the string that is a Lyndon word. This is done by
+ * comparing the string with its suffixes and finding the smallest suffix that
+ * is lexicographically smaller than the string. This suffix is then added to
+ * the result and the process is repeated with the remaining string.
+ * The algorithm has a time complexity of O(n) where n is the length of the
+ * string.
+ *
+ * @note While Lyndon words are described in the context of strings,
+ * Duval's algorithm can be used to find the lexicographically smallest cyclic
+ * shift of any sequence of comparable elements.
+ *
+ * @author [Amine Ghoussaini](https://github.com/aminegh20)
+*/
+
+#include <array>    /// for std::array
+#include <cassert>  /// for assert
+#include <cstddef>  /// for std::size_t
+#include <deque>    /// for std::deque
+#include <iostream> /// for std::cout and std::endl
+#include <string>   /// for std::string
+#include <vector>   /// for std::vector
+
+/**
+ * @brief string manipulation algorithms
+ * @namespace
+ */
+namespace string {
+/**
+ * @brief Find the lexicographically smallest cyclic shift of a sequence.
+ * @tparam T type of the sequence
+ * @param s the sequence
+ * @returns the 0-indexed position of the least cyclic shift of the sequence
+ */
+template <typename T>
+size_t duval(const T& s) {
+    size_t n = s.size();
+    size_t i = 0, ans = 0;
+    while (i < n) {
+        ans = i;
+        size_t j = i + 1, k = i;
+        while (j < (n + n) && s[j % n] >= s[k % n]) {
+            if (s[k % n] < s[j % n]) {
+                k = i;
+            } else {
+                k++;
+            }
+            j++;
+        }
+        while (i <= k) {
+            i += j - k;
+        }
+    }
+    return ans;
+    // returns 0-indexed position of the least cyclic shift
+}
+
+}  // namespace string
+
+/**
+ * @brief self test implementation
+ * returns void
+ */
+static void test() {
+    using namespace string;
+
+    // Test 1
+    std::string s1 = "abcab";
+    assert(duval(s1) == 3);
+
+    // Test 2
+    std::string s2 = "011100";
+    assert(duval(s2) == 4);
+
+    // Test 3
+    std::vector<int> v = {5, 2, 1, 3, 4};
+    assert(duval(v) == 2);
+
+    // Test 4
+    std::array<int, 5> a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+    assert(duval(a) == 0);
+
+    // Test 5
+    std::deque<char> d = {'a', 'z', 'c', 'a', 'b'};
+    assert(duval(d) == 3);
+
+    // Test 6
+    std::string s3;
+    assert(duval(s3) == 0);
+
+    // Test 7
+    std::vector<int> v2 = {5, 2, 1, 3, -4};
+    assert(duval(v2) == 4);
+
+    std::cout << "All tests passed!" << std::endl;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief main function
+ * @returns 0 on exit
+ */
+int main() {
+    test();  // run self test implementations
+    return 0;
+}