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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="description"
content="The article presents a methodology and evaluation for audio-visual speech recognition in driver assistive systems. Driver assistive systems require permanent interaction with driver and during the driving such interaction should be implemented based on voice control due to safety issues. The article introduces the audio-visual command recognition transformer (AVCRFormer) specifically designed for robust audio-visual speech recognition.">
<meta name="keywords" content="AVCRFormer, AVSR, Audio-Visual Speech Recognition, Transformer">
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<title>AVCRFormer</title>
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<h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">
Audio-Visual Command Recognition Based on Regulated Transformer </br> and Spatio-Temporal Fusion Strategy </br> for Driver Assistive Systems
</h1>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://hci.nw.ru/en/employees/3" target="_blank">Dmitry Ryumin</a><a class="git-link" href="https://github.com/DmitryRyumin" target="_blank"><span class="icon"><i class="fab fa-github"></i>
</span></a><sup>1</sup>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://hci.nw.ru/en/employees/9" target="_blank">Alexandr Axyonov</a><sup>1</sup>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://hci.nw.ru/en/employees/14" target="_blank">Elena Ryumina</a><sup>1</sup>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://hci.nw.ru/en/employees/4" target="_blank">Denis Ivanko</a><sup>1</sup>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
Alexey Kashevnik<sup>1</sup>,
</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="https://hci.nw.ru/en/employees/1" target="_blank">Alexey Karpov</a><sup>1, 2</sup>,
</span>
</div>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block"><sup>1</sup> St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, <a href="https://spcras.ru/en/" target="_blank">St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS)</a>, St. Petersburg, Russia</span>
<span class="author-block"><sup>2</sup> <a href="https://en.itmo.ru/" target="_blank">ITMO University</a>, St. Petersburg, Russia</span>
<br />
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<h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
This article presents a research methodology for audio-visual speech recognition (AVSR) in driver assistive systems. These systems necessitate ongoing interaction with drivers while driving through voice control for safety reasons. The article introduces a novel audio-visual speech command recognition transformer (AVCRFormer) specifically designed for robust AVSR. We propose (1) a multimodal fusion strategy based on spatio-temporal fusion of audio and video feature matrices, (2) a regulated transformer based on iterative model refinement module with multiple encoders, (3) a classifier ensemble strategy based on multiple decoders. The spatio-temporal fusion strategy preserves contextual information of both modalities and achieves their synchronization. An iterative model refinement module can bridge the gap between acoustic and visual data by leveraging their impact on speech recognition accuracy. The proposed multi-prediction strategy demonstrates superior performance compared to traditional single-prediction strategy, showcasing the model's adaptability across diverse audio-visual contexts. The transformer proposed has achieved the highest values of speech command recognition accuracy, reaching 98.87% and 98.81% on the RUSAVIC and LRW corpora, respectively. This research has significant implications for advancing human-computer interaction. The capabilities of AVCRFormer extend beyond AVSR, making it a valuable contribution to the intersection of audio-visual processing and artificial intelligence.
</p>
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<div class="slider">
<h2 class="title is-3">RUSAVIC Corpus</h2>
<div class="slider__line">
<div class="slider__item">
<h2 class="title is-4">Corpus Parameters</h2>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="centered">Parameter</th>
<th class="centered">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Number of speakers</td>
<td>20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Amount of voice commands</td>
<td>62</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Command repetitions by each speaker</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Number of annotated videos</td>
<td>≈ 22,350</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Duration of audio-visual data</td>
<td>≈ 6 h 54 m</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clean speech percentage</td>
<td>95%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Video data format</td>
<td>mp4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Frame rate</td>
<td>60 FPS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data volume</td>
<td>≈ 840 GB</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="slider__item">
<h2 class="title is-4">Phrases</h2>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="centered t_num">№</th>
<th class="centered phrase__title">Phrase</th>
<th class="centered t_num">№</th>
<th class="centered phrase__title">Phrase</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">1</td>
<td>Call</td>
<td class="t_num">32</td>
<td>Reset route</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">2</td>
<td>Dial a number</td>
<td class="t_num">33</td>
<td>End route</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">3</td>
<td>Send message</td>
<td class="t_num">34</td>
<td>Find a hospital</td>
</tr>
<tr class="scroll_to">
<td class="t_num">4</td>
<td>Send e-mail</td>
<td class="t_num">35</td>
<td>Find a petrol station</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">5</td>
<td>Answer the call</td>
<td class="t_num">36</td>
<td>Find a pharmacy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">6</td>
<td>End call</td>
<td class="t_num">37</td>
<td>Find a bank</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">7</td>
<td>Radio</td>
<td class="t_num">38</td>
<td>Find a coffee shop</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">8</td>
<td>Music</td>
<td class="t_num">39</td>
<td>Find a restaurant</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">9</td>
<td>Play</td>
<td class="t_num">40</td>
<td>Find an airport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">10</td>
<td>Pause</td>
<td class="t_num">41</td>
<td>Find a bus station</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">11</td>
<td>Randomise</td>
<td class="t_num">42</td>
<td>Find a railway station</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">12</td>
<td>Switch off randomise</td>
<td class="t_num">43</td>
<td>Find a parking place</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">13</td>
<td>Repeat</td>
<td class="t_num">44</td>
<td>Find a post office</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">14</td>
<td>Switch off repeat</td>
<td class="t_num">45</td>
<td>Find a shopping centre</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">15</td>
<td>Plot a route</td>
<td class="t_num">46</td>
<td>Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">16</td>
<td>Avoid toll roads</td>
<td class="t_num">47</td>
<td>No</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">17</td>
<td>Show map</td>
<td class="t_num">48</td>
<td>Previous</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">18</td>
<td>Find an address</td>
<td class="t_num">49</td>
<td>Next</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">19</td>
<td>Previous destinations</td>
<td class="t_num">50</td>
<td>Collapse the app</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">20</td>
<td>How are the roads?</td>
<td class="t_num">51</td>
<td>Help</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">21</td>
<td>How's the traffic now?</td>
<td class="t_num">52</td>
<td>Exit</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">22</td>
<td>How long's the traffic jam?</td>
<td class="t_num">53</td>
<td>Calendar</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">23</td>
<td>Home</td>
<td class="t_num">54</td>
<td>Switch on cabin light</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">24</td>
<td>To work</td>
<td class="t_num">55</td>
<td>Switch off cabin light</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">25</td>
<td>Maximum magnification</td>
<td class="t_num">56</td>
<td>Switch on the air conditioner</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">26</td>
<td>Minimum magnification</td>
<td class="t_num">57</td>
<td>Switch off air conditioner</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">27</td>
<td>Stop route</td>
<td class="t_num">58</td>
<td>Switch on the heater</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">28</td>
<td>Resume route</td>
<td class="t_num">59</td>
<td>Switch off heater</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">29</td>
<td>How long do I have to drive?</td>
<td class="t_num">60</td>
<td>Stone</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">30</td>
<td>What time will I arrive?</td>
<td class="t_num">61</td>
<td>Scissors</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">31</td>
<td>Show the whole route</td>
<td class="t_num">62</td>
<td>Paper</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<h2 class="title is-4">Phrases in Russian</h2>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="centered t_num">№</th>
<th class="centered phrase__title">Phrase</th>
<th class="centered t_num">№</th>
<th class="centered phrase__title">Phrase</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">1</td>
<td>Позвонить</td>
<td class="t_num">32</td>
<td>Сбросить маршрут</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">2</td>
<td>Набрать номер</td>
<td class="t_num">33</td>
<td>Завершить маршрут</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">3</td>
<td>Отправить сообщение</td>
<td class="t_num">34</td>
<td>Найти больницу</td>
</tr>
<tr class="scroll_to">
<td class="t_num">4</td>
<td>Отправить e-mail</td>
<td class="t_num">35</td>
<td>Найти заправку</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">5</td>
<td>Ответить на звонок</td>
<td class="t_num">36</td>
<td>Найти аптеку</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">6</td>
<td>Завершить вызов</td>
<td class="t_num">37</td>
<td>Найти банк</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">7</td>
<td>Радио</td>
<td class="t_num">38</td>
<td>Найти кофейню</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">8</td>
<td>Музыка</td>
<td class="t_num">39</td>
<td>Найти ресторан</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">9</td>
<td>Воспроизвести</td>
<td class="t_num">40</td>
<td>Найти аэропорт</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="t_num">10</td>
<td>Пауза</td>
<td class="t_num">41</td>
<td>Найти автовокзал</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">11</td>
<td>Случайный выбор</td>
<td class="t_num">42</td>
<td>Найти железнодорожный вокзал</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">12</td>
<td>Отключить повтор</td>
<td class="t_num">43</td>
<td>Найти парковку</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">13</td>
<td>Повтор</td>
<td class="t_num">44</td>
<td>Найти почту</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">14</td>
<td>Отключить повтор</td>
<td class="t_num">45</td>
<td>Найти торговый центр</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">15</td>
<td>Проложить маршрут</td>
<td class="t_num">46</td>
<td>Да</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">16</td>
<td>Избегать платных дорог</td>
<td class="t_num">47</td>
<td>Нет</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">17</td>
<td>Карта</td>
<td class="t_num">48</td>
<td>Предыдущая</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">18</td>
<td>Найти адрес</td>
<td class="t_num">49</td>
<td>Следующая</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">19</td>
<td>Предыдущие места назначения</td>
<td class="t_num">50</td>
<td>Свернуть</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">20</td>
<td>Как там на дорогах?</td>
<td class="t_num">51</td>
<td>Справка</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">21</td>
<td>Какие сейчас пробки?</td>
<td class="t_num">52</td>
<td>Выйти</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">22</td>
<td>Надолго пробка?</td>
<td class="t_num">53</td>
<td>Календарь</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">23</td>
<td>Домой</td>
<td class="t_num">54</td>
<td>Включить свет в салоне</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">24</td>
<td>На работу</td>
<td class="t_num">55</td>
<td>Отключить свет в салоне</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">25</td>
<td>Максимальное увеличение</td>
<td class="t_num">56</td>
<td>Включить кондиционер</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">26</td>
<td>Минимальное увеличение</td>
<td class="t_num">57</td>
<td>Отключить кондиционер</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">27</td>
<td>Остановить маршрут</td>
<td class="t_num">58</td>
<td>Включить печку</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">28</td>
<td>Возобновить маршрут</td>
<td class="t_num">59</td>
<td>Отключить печку</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">29</td>
<td>Сколько мне еще ехать?</td>
<td class="t_num">60</td>
<td>Камень</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">30</td>
<td>Во сколько я приеду?</td>
<td class="t_num">61</td>
<td>Ножницы</td>
</tr>
<tr class="table__row hidden">
<td class="t_num">31</td>
<td>Показать весь маршрут</td>
<td class="t_num">62</td>
<td>Бумага</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<h2 class="title is-3">Architecture of the Encoders and Decoders</h2>
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<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" class="centered number-col">#</th>
<th rowspan="2" class="centered second-th-col"> <p>Method</p></th>
<th colspan="2" class="centered accuracy-col">Accuracy, %</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="centered">RUSAVIC, V</th>
<th class="centered">LRW, V</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="centered">1</td>
<td><a href="https://aclanthology.org/2022.acl-long.308/" target="_blank">Pan et.al (2022)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">85.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">2</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9320240" target="_blank">Zhang et.al (2020)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">85.02</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">3</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9053841/" target="_blank">Martinez et.al (2020)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">85.30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">4</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9710720" target="_blank">Kim et.al (2021)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">85.40</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">5</td>
<td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.07557" target="_blank">Feng et.al (2020)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">88.40</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">6</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9415063" target="_blank">Ma et.al (2021)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">88.50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">7</td>
<td><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.01725" target="_blank">Kim et.al (2022)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">88.50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">8</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9909819" target="_blank">Ivanko et.al (2022)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">88.70</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">9</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9747729" target="_blank">Koumparoulis et.al (2022)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">89.52</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">10</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9746706" target="_blank">Ma et.al (2022)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">94.10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="last-row-vsr">
<td class="centered">11</td>
<td><a href="https://ntv.ifmo.ru/en/article/22203/neyrosetevoy_metod_vizualnogo_raspoznavaniya_golosovyh_komand_voditelya_s_ispolzovaniem_mehanizma_vnimaniya.htm" target="_blank">Axyonov et.al (2023)</a></td>
<td class="centered">83.46</td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
</tr>
<thead>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2" class="centered number-col">#</th>
<th rowspan="2" class="centered second-th-col"> <p>Method</p></th>
<th colspan="2" class="centered accuracy-col">Accuracy, %</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="centered">RUSAVIC, A / V / AV</th>
<th class="centered">LRW, A / V / AV</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tr>
<td class="centered">12</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8461326" target="_blank">Petridis et.al (2018)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">97.70 / 82.00 / 98.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">13</td>
<td><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9283044" target="_blank">Miao et.al (2020)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">— / 82.80 / 98.30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">14</td>
<td><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2284" target="_blank">Ryumin et.al (2023)</a></td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
<td class="centered">96.07 / 87.16 / 98.76</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">15</td>
<td><a href="https://smil-spcras.github.io/DAVIS/" target="_blank">Axyonov et.al (2024)</a></td>
<td class="centered">95.61 / 83.46 / 98.65</td>
<td class="centered">—</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">16</td>
<td><a href="#" target="_blank">Our with Single Prediction (2024)</a></td>
<td class="centered">94.89 / 82.31 / 98.23</td>
<td class="centered">94.45 / 88.36 / 96.60</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="centered">17</td>
<td><a href="#" target="_blank">Our with Multi Prediction (2024)</a></td>
<td class="centered">95.75 / <b>84.03</b> / <b>98.87</b></td>
<td class="centered">97.25 / 89.57 / <b>98.81</b></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<h2 class="title is-3">Our Related Works</h2>
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<ul>
<li><a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9909819">Visual Speech Recognition in a Driver Assistance System</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/interspeech_2022/ivanko22_interspeech.html">DAVIS: Driver’s Audio-Visual Speech Recognition</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/2284">Audio-Visual Speech and Gesture Recognition by Sensors of Mobile Devices</a></li>
<li><a href="https://smil-spcras.github.io/DAVIS/">Audio-Visual Speech Recognition In-the-Wild: Multi-Angle Vehicle Cabin Corpus and Attention-based Method</a></li>
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