diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 83d5086..178c82f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ rekord-validation adds rules, expressions, transforms, and custom validation fun
 
 The easiest way to install rekord-validation is through bower via `bower install rekord-validation`.
 
-- rekord-validation.js is `45KB` (`7.6KB` gzipped)
-- rekord-validation.min.js is `18KB` (`5.3KB` gzipped)
+- rekord-validation.js is `48KB` (`8.32KB` gzipped)
+- rekord-validation.min.js is `19KB` (`5.69KB` gzipped)
 
 ### Example
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ var Task = Rekord({
     required: true // the rules must pass to $save model instances
   },
   methods: {
-    $custom: function(value, getAlias, specifiedMessage) {
+    $custom: function(value, getAlias, specifiedMessage, chain) {
       if ( value.length > 140 ) {
         return 'Details can be no larger than 140 characters.'
       }
diff --git a/bower.json b/bower.json
index ddcffe6..350f7bd 100644
--- a/bower.json
+++ b/bower.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "rekord-validation",
-  "version": "1.4.4",
+  "version": "1.5.0",
   "homepage": "https://github.com/Rekord/rekord-validation",
   "authors": [
     "Philip Diffenderfer <pdiffenderfer@gmail.com>"
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
     "tests"
   ],
   "dependencies": {
-    "rekord": "~1.4.0"
+    "rekord": "~1.5.0"
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "qunit": "^1.23.1"
   }
 }
diff --git a/build/rekord-validation.js b/build/rekord-validation.js
index d89263a..6e65f83 100644
--- a/build/rekord-validation.js
+++ b/build/rekord-validation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* rekord-validation 1.4.4 - Advanced validation rules for rekord by Philip Diffenderfer */
+/* rekord-validation 1.5.0 - Advanced validation rules for rekord by Philip Diffenderfer */
 // UMD (Universal Module Definition)
 (function (root, factory)
 {
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
   var Promise = Rekord.Promise;
   var Collection = Rekord.Collection;
   var ModelCollection = Rekord.ModelCollection;
+  var Class = Rekord.Class;
 
   var isEmpty = Rekord.isEmpty;
   var isString = Rekord.isString;
@@ -55,8 +56,87 @@
 
   var parseDate = Rekord.parseDate;
 
-  var addMethod = Rekord.addMethod;
-  var replaceMethod = Rekord.replaceMethod;
+
+function ValidationChain(model, field, validations, onEnd)
+{
+  this.model = model;
+  this.field = field;
+  this.validations = validations;
+  this.onEnd = onEnd;
+}
+
+Class.create( ValidationChain,
+{
+
+  reset: function(value)
+  {
+    this.value = value !== undefined ? value : this.model.$get( this.field );
+    this.updated = false;
+    this.valid = true;
+    this.message = '';
+    this.linkIndex = 0;
+  },
+
+  start: function(value)
+  {
+    this.reset( value );
+    this.call();
+  },
+
+  call: function()
+  {
+    this.validations[ this.linkIndex ]( this.value, this.model, this );
+  },
+
+  update: function(newValue)
+  {
+    this.value = newValue;
+    this.updated = true;
+
+    return this;
+  },
+
+  next: function()
+  {
+    var n = this.validations.length;
+
+    this.linkIndex++;
+
+    if (this.linkIndex === n)
+    {
+      this.onEnd( this );
+    }
+    else if (this.linkIndex < n)
+    {
+      this.call();
+    }
+
+    return this;
+  },
+
+  stop: function()
+  {
+    var n = this.validations.length;
+
+    if (this.linkIndex < n)
+    {
+      this.linkIndex = n - 1;
+      this.next();
+    }
+
+    return this;
+  },
+
+  invalid: function(message)
+  {
+    this.message = message;
+    this.valid = false;
+    this.stop();
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+});
 
 function tryParseFloat(x)
 {
@@ -118,19 +198,16 @@ function ruleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
 
     var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
-      function setValue( newValue )
+      if ( isInvalid( value, model, chain ) )
       {
-        value = newValue;
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
       }
-
-      if ( isInvalid( value, model, setValue ) )
+      else
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
@@ -210,7 +287,7 @@ function generateMessage(field, alias, value, model, message, extra)
   return format( message, base );
 }
 
-Rekord.on( Rekord.Events.Plugins, function(model, db, options)
+Rekord.addPlugin(function(model, db, options)
 {
   var validation = options.validation || Database.Defaults.validation;
 
@@ -236,47 +313,56 @@ Rekord.on( Rekord.Events.Plugins, function(model, db, options)
     db.validations[ field ] = Validation.parseRules( rules[ field ], field, db, getAlias, messages[ field ] );
   }
 
-  addMethod( model.prototype, '$validate', function()
+  Class.method( model, '$validate', function(callback, context)
   {
-    var $this = this;
-
     this.$trigger( Model.Events.PreValidate, [this] );
 
     this.$valid = true;
     this.$validations = {};
     this.$validationMessages.length = 0;
 
-    for (var field in db.validations)
+    var chainEnds = 0;
+    var chains = [];
+
+    var onChainEnd = function(chain)
     {
-      var chain = db.validations[ field ];
-      var value = this.$get( field );
-      var fieldValid = true;
+      var model = chain.model;
 
-      var setMessage = function(message) // jshint ignore:line
+      if (!chain.valid)
       {
-        // Only accept for the first valid message
-        if ( message && fieldValid )
-        {
-          fieldValid = false;
-
-          $this.$validations[ field ] = message;
-          $this.$validationMessages.push( message );
-          $this.$valid = false;
-        }
-      };
+        model.$validations[ chain.field ] = chain.message;
+        model.$validationMessages.push( chain.message );
+        model.$valid = false;
+      }
 
-      for (var i = 0; i < chain.length && fieldValid && value !== Validation.Stop; i++)
+      if (++chainEnds === chains.length)
       {
-        value = chain[ i ]( value, this, setMessage );
+        model.$trigger( model.$valid ? Model.Events.ValidatePass : Model.Events.ValidateFail, [model] );
+
+        if ( isFunction( callback ) )
+        {
+          callback.call( context || model, model.$valid );
+        }
       }
+    };
+
+    for (var field in db.validations)
+    {
+      var validations = db.validations[ field ];
+      var chain = new ValidationChain( this, field, validations, onChainEnd );
+
+      chains.push( chain );
     }
 
-    this.$trigger( this.$valid ? Model.Events.ValidatePass : Model.Events.ValidateFail, [this] );
+    for (var i = 0; i < chains.length; i++)
+    {
+      chains[ i ].start();
+    }
 
     return this.$valid;
   });
 
-  replaceMethod( model.prototype, '$init', function($init)
+  Class.replace( model, '$init', function($init)
   {
     return function()
     {
@@ -290,7 +376,7 @@ Rekord.on( Rekord.Events.Plugins, function(model, db, options)
 
   if ( required )
   {
-    replaceMethod( model.prototype, '$save', function($save)
+    Class.replace( model, '$save', function($save)
     {
       return function()
       {
@@ -301,12 +387,25 @@ Rekord.on( Rekord.Events.Plugins, function(model, db, options)
           return Promise.resolve( this );
         }
 
-        if ( !this.$validate() )
+        var promise = new Rekord.Promise();
+        var modelInstance = this;
+        var args = arguments;
+
+        this.$validate(function(valid)
         {
-          return Promise.resolve( this );
-        }
+          if (!valid)
+          {
+            promise.reject( modelInstance );
+          }
+          else
+          {
+            var saving = $save.apply( modelInstance, args );
+
+            saving.then( promise.resolve, promise.reject, promise.noline, promise.cancel, promise );
+          }
+        });
 
-        return $save.apply( this, arguments );
+        return promise;
       };
     });
   }
@@ -409,16 +508,18 @@ var Validation =
 
   customValidator: function(functionName, field, database, getAlias, message)
   {
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
-      var result = model[ functionName ]( value, getAlias, message );
+      var result = model[ functionName ]( value, getAlias, message, chain );
 
       if ( isString( result ) )
       {
-        setMessage( result );
+        chain.invalid( result );
+      }
+      else if ( result !== false )
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   }
 };
@@ -575,17 +676,19 @@ Validation.Rules.accepted = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)
   var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'accepted', message );
   var acceptable = Validation.Rules.accepted.acceptable;
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     var valueString = (value + '').toLowerCase();
     var accepted = acceptable[ valueString ];
 
     if ( !accepted )
     {
-      setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+      chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      chain.next();
     }
-
-    return value;
   };
 };
 
@@ -677,14 +780,16 @@ function collectionRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $matchValue: matchValue
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( isInvalid( value, model, matchField, matchValue, equality ) )
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
@@ -697,7 +802,7 @@ Validation.Rules.validate = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)
   var messageOption = params || 'message';
   var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'validate', message );
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( isArray( value ) )
     {
@@ -718,19 +823,25 @@ Validation.Rules.validate = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)
         switch (messageOption)
         {
           case 'models':
-            setMessage( invalid );
+            chain.invalid( invalid );
             break;
           case 'validations':
-            setMessage( invalid.pluck( '$validations', '$$key' ) );
+            chain.invalid( invalid.pluck( '$validations', '$$key' ) );
             break;
           default: // message
-            setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+            chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
             break;
         }
       }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
+      }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      chain.next();
     }
-
-    return value;
   };
 };
 
@@ -771,11 +882,11 @@ dateRuleGenerator('before_on',
 // date
 ruleGenerator('date_like',
   '{$alias} must be a valid date.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {
     var parsed = parseDate( value );
     var invalid = parsed === false;
     if ( !invalid ) {
-      setValue( parsed.getTime() );
+      chain.update( parsed.getTime() );
     }
     return invalid;
   }
@@ -825,7 +936,7 @@ function dateRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $date: params
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       var parsed = parseDate( value );
 
@@ -837,11 +948,17 @@ function dateRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
 
         if ( isNumber( date ) && isInvalid( value, date ) )
         {
-          setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+          chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          chain.next();
         }
       }
-
-      return value;
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
+      }
     };
   };
 
@@ -913,14 +1030,16 @@ function fieldListRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
     };
     var map = mapFromArray( matchValues, true );
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( isInvalid( value, model, matchField, matchValues, map ) )
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
@@ -930,7 +1049,7 @@ function fieldListRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
 // confirmed:X
 fieldsRuleGenerator('confirmed',
   '{$alias} must match {$fieldAliases}.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var confirmed = true;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
@@ -948,7 +1067,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('confirmed',
 // different:X
 fieldsRuleGenerator('different',
   '{$alias} must not match {$fieldAliases}.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var different = false;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
@@ -966,7 +1085,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('different',
 // if_valid:X
 fieldsRuleGenerator('if_valid',
   '',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var valid = true;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && valid; i++)
@@ -979,7 +1098,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('if_valid',
 
     if ( !valid )
     {
-      setValue( Validation.Stop );
+      chain.stop();
     }
 
     return false;
@@ -990,7 +1109,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('if_valid',
 // required_with:X,Y,...
 fieldsRuleGenerator('required_with',
   '{$alias} is required.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var required = false;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && !required; i++)
@@ -1009,7 +1128,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('required_with',
 // required_with_all:X,Y,...
 fieldsRuleGenerator('required_with_all',
   '{$alias} is required.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var required = true;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && required; i++)
@@ -1028,7 +1147,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('required_with_all',
 // required_without:X,Y,...
 fieldsRuleGenerator('required_without',
   '{$alias} is required.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var required = false;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && !required; i++)
@@ -1047,7 +1166,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('required_without',
 // required_without_all:X,Y,...
 fieldsRuleGenerator('required_without_all',
   '{$alias} is required.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var required = true;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && required; i++)
@@ -1089,19 +1208,16 @@ function fieldsRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $fieldAliases: fieldAliases
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
-      function setValue( newValue )
+      if ( isInvalid( value, model, fields, chain ) )
       {
-        value = newValue;
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
       }
-
-      if ( isInvalid( value, model, fields, setValue ) )
+      else
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
@@ -1201,17 +1317,23 @@ function foreignRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $matchAlias: getAlias( fieldName )
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( models && isValue( value ) )
       {
         if ( isInvalid( value, model, models, fieldName ) )
         {
-          setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+          chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          chain.next();
         }
       }
-
-      return value;
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
+      }
     };
   };
 
@@ -1289,26 +1411,39 @@ function subRuleGenerator(ruleName, isInvalid)
 
     var validators = Validation.parseRules( otherRules, otherField, database, getAlias );
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       var invalids = 0;
+      var chainCount = 0;
 
-      var setInvalid = function(message)
+      var onChainEnd = function(innerChain)
       {
-        if ( message )
+        if (!innerChain.valid)
         {
           invalids++;
         }
+
+        if (++chainCount === validators.length)
+        {
+          if ( isInvalid( invalids, chainCount ) )
+          {
+            chain.stop();
+          }
+          else
+          {
+            chain.next();
+          }
+        }
       };
 
       var testValue = otherField === field ? value : model.$get( otherField );
 
       for (var i = 0; i < validators.length; i++)
       {
-        validators[ i ]( testValue, model, setInvalid );
-      }
+        var innerChain = new ValidationChain( model, otherField, [validators[ i ]], onChainEnd );
 
-      return isInvalid( invalids, validators.length ) ? Validation.Stop : value;
+        innerChain.start( testValue );
+      }
     };
   };
 }
@@ -1387,14 +1522,16 @@ function listRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $list: list
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( isInvalid( value, model, inList ) )
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
@@ -1473,7 +1610,7 @@ function rangeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)
       $end: end
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       var size = sizeof( value );
       var type = typeof( value );
@@ -1483,10 +1620,12 @@ function rangeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)
       {
         extra.$size = size;
 
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
@@ -1538,11 +1677,15 @@ function regexRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, regex)
 
     var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( !regex.test( value ) )
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
 
       return value;
@@ -1577,14 +1720,16 @@ Validation.Rules.regex = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)
 
   var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'regex', message );
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( !regex.test( value ) )
     {
-      setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+      chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      chain.next();
     }
-
-    return value;
   };
 };
 
@@ -1698,7 +1843,7 @@ function sizeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)
       $number: params
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       var size = sizeof( value );
       var type = typeof( value );
@@ -1708,10 +1853,12 @@ function sizeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)
       {
         extra.$size = size;
 
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
@@ -1763,14 +1910,14 @@ ruleGenerator('model',
 
 ruleGenerator('whole',
   '{$alias} must be a whole number.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {
     var parsed = tryParseInt( value );
     var numeric = parseFloat( value );
     var invalid = !isNumber( parsed );
     if ( !invalid ) {
       invalid = Math.floor( parsed ) !== numeric;
       if ( !invalid ) {
-        setValue( parsed );
+        chain.update( parsed );
       }
     }
     return invalid;
@@ -1779,11 +1926,11 @@ ruleGenerator('whole',
 
 ruleGenerator('numeric',
   '{$alias} must be numeric.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {
     var parsed = tryParseFloat( value );
     var invalid = !isNumber( parsed );
     if ( !invalid ) {
-      setValue( parsed );
+      chain.update( parsed );
     }
     return invalid;
   }
@@ -1791,11 +1938,11 @@ ruleGenerator('numeric',
 
 ruleGenerator('yesno',
   '{$alias} must be a yes or no.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {
     var mapped = Validation.Rules.yesno.map[ value ];
     var invalid = !isBoolean( mapped );
     if ( !invalid ) {
-      setValue( mapped );
+      chain.update( mapped );
     }
     return invalid;
   }
@@ -1817,68 +1964,70 @@ Validation.Rules.yesno.map =
 
 Validation.Rules.abs = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
 
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = Math.abs( value );
+      chain.update( Math.abs( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.apply = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     model.$set( field, value );
-    
-    return value;
+
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.base64 = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( global.btoa )
     {
-      value = global.btoa( value );
+      chain.update( global.btoa( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.ceil = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
-    
+
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = Math.ceil( value );
+      chain.update( Math.ceil( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.endOfDay = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
-    return endOfDay( value );
+    chain.update( endOfDay( value ) );
+    
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.filter = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( isArray( value ) )
     {
@@ -1889,6 +2038,8 @@ Validation.Rules.filter = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
           value.splice( i, 1 );
         }
       }
+
+      chain.update( value );
     }
     else if ( isObject( value ) )
     {
@@ -1899,24 +2050,26 @@ Validation.Rules.filter = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
           delete value[ prop ];
         }
       }
+
+      chain.update( value );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.floor = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
-    
+
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = Math.floor( value );
+      chain.update( Math.floor( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
@@ -1929,49 +2082,79 @@ Validation.Rules.mod = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
     throw '"' + number + '" is not a valid number for the mod rule.';
   }
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
 
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = value % number;
+      chain.update( value % number );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.null = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     model.$set( field, null );
 
-    return null;
+    chain.update( null );
+
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.round = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
 
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = Math.round( value );
+      chain.update( Math.round( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.startOfDay = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
+  {
+    chain.update( startOfDay( value ) );
+
+    chain.next();
+  };
+};
+
+Validation.Rules.stripEnts = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
+{
+  return function(value, model, chain)
+  {
+    if ( isString( value ) )
+    {
+      chain.update( value.replace( /&[a-z]+;/gi, '' ) );
+    }
+
+    chain.next();
+  };
+};
+
+Validation.Rules.stripTags = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
+{
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
-    return startOfDay( value );
+    if ( isString( value ) )
+    {
+      chain.update( value.replace( /<(?:.|\n)*?>/gm, '' ) );
+    }
+
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
@@ -1995,27 +2178,27 @@ Validation.Rules.trim = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 
   })();
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( isString( value ) )
     {
-      value = trim( value );
+      chain.update( trim( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
 Validation.Rules.unbase64 = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( global.atob )
     {
-      value = global.atob( value );
+      chain.update( global.atob( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
 
diff --git a/build/rekord-validation.min.js b/build/rekord-validation.min.js
index 922756b..0bd9e67 100644
--- a/build/rekord-validation.min.js
+++ b/build/rekord-validation.min.js
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-/* rekord-validation 1.4.4 - Advanced validation rules for rekord by Philip Diffenderfer */
-!function(e,t){"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["rekord"],function(r){return t(e,r)}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t(global,require("rekord")):e.Rekord=t(e,e.Rekord)}(this,function(e,t,r){function n(e){var t=parseFloat(e);return isNaN(t)||(e=t),e}function a(e){var t=parseInt(e);return isNaN(t)||(e=t),e}function i(e){return V(e)?e.setHours(0,0,0,0):z(e)&&(e-=e%864e5),e}function s(e){return V(e)?e.setHours(23,59,59,999):z(e)&&(e=e-e%864e5+864e5-1),e}function u(e,t,r){K.Rules[e]=function(t,n,a,i,s){c(e,t,n);var u=o(e,s);return function(e,n,a){function s(t){e=t}return r(e,n,s)&&a(d(t,i(t),e,n,u)),e}},K.Rules[e].message=t}function o(e,t){return t||K.Rules[e].message}function l(e,t,r,n){var a=e.slice();if(n)for(var i=0;i<a.length;i++)a[i]=n(a[i]);var s=a.pop(),u=t||"and",o=r||", ";switch(a.length){case 0:return s;case 1:return a[0]+" "+u+" "+s;default:return a.join(o)+o+u+" "+s}}function f(e,t){for(var r={},n=0;n<e.length;n++)r[e[n]]=t;return r}function c(e,t,r){if(r)throw"the rule "+e+" for field "+t+" has no arguments"}function d(e,t,r,n,a,i){k(a)&&(a=a(e,t,r,n,i));var s={};return s.$field=e,s.$alias=t,s.$value=r,W(n,s),j(i)&&W(i,s),H(a,s)}function m(e,t,r){K.Rules[e]=function(t,n,a,i,s){if(!n)throw e+" validation rule requires field & value arguments";var u,l,f;if(D(n)){var c=n.indexOf(",");if(-1===c)throw e+" validation rule requires field & value arguments";u=n.substring(0,c),l=n.substring(c+1)}else M(n)?(u=n[0],l=n[1],f=n[2]):j(n)&&(u=n.field,l=n.value,f=n.equals);if(k(f)||(f=Z),-1===C(a.fields,u))throw u+" is not a valid field for the "+e+" rule";var m=o(e,s),h={$matchField:u,$matchAlias:i(u),$matchValue:l};return function(e,n,a){return r(e,n,u,l,f)&&a(d(t,i(t),e,n,m,h)),e}},K.Rules[e].message=t}function h(e,t,r){K.Rules[e]=function(t,n,a,i,s){if(!n)throw e+" validation rule requires a date expression argument";var u;if(D(n))u=K.parseExpression(n,a);else if(k(n))u=n;else{var l=U(n);if(l!==!1){var f=l.getTime();u=function(){return f}}}if(!u||u===S)throw n+" is not a valid date expression for the "+e+" rule";var c=o(e,s),m={$date:n};return function(e,n,a){var s=U(e);if(s!==!1){e=s.getTime();var o=u(e,n);z(o)&&r(e,o)&&a(d(t,i(t),e,n,c,m))}return e}},K.Rules[e].message=t}function v(e,t,r){K.Rules[e]=function(t,n,a,i,s){if(!n)throw e+" validation rule requires a field and list arguments";var u,c;if(D(n)){var m=I(n,/(,)/,"\\");u=m.shift(),c=m}else M(n)?(u=n.shift(),c=n):j(n)&&(u=n.field,c=n.values);if(C(a.fields,u)===!1)throw u+" is not a valid field for the "+e+" rule";var h=o(e,s),v=l(c),$={$params:n,$matchField:u,$matchAlias:i(u),$list:v},g=f(c,!0);return function(e,n,a){return r(e,n,u,c,g)&&a(d(t,i(t),e,n,h,$)),e}},K.Rules[e].message=t}function $(e,t,r){K.Rules[e]=function(t,n,a,i,s){if(!n)throw e+" validation rule requires an array of fields argument";for(var u=I(n,/(\s*,\s*)/,"\\"),f=0;f<u.length;f++)if(-1===C(a.fields,u[f]))throw u[f]+" is not a valid field for the "+e+" rule";var c=o(e,s),m=l(u),h=l(u,!1,!1,i),v={$fields:m,$fieldAliases:h};return function(e,n,a){function s(t){e=t}return r(e,n,u,s)&&a(d(t,i(t),e,n,c,v)),e}},K.Rules[e].message=t}function g(e,r,n){K.Rules[e]=function(r,a,i,s,u){var l,f,c;if(!G(a)||D(a)){var m=I(a||"",/(\s*,\s*)/,"\\");l=m[0]||i.name,c=m[1]||r,f=null}else M(a)?(l=D(a[0])?a.shift():i.name,c=D(a[0])?a.shift():r,f=new F(i,a)):j(a)&&(l=a.model||i.name,c=a.field||r,f=a.models);if(!f){if(!l)throw"model, model class, or models is required for "+e+" rule";D(l)?t.get(l).success(function(e){f=e.all()}):O(l)&&(f=l.all())}if(C(i.fields,c)===!1)throw c+" is not a valid field for the "+e+" rule";var h=o(e,u),v={$class:l,$matchField:c,$matchAlias:s(c)};return function(e,t,a){return f&&G(e)&&n(e,t,f,c)&&a(d(r,s(r),e,t,h,v)),e}},K.Rules[e].message=r}function b(e,t){K.Rules[e]=function(r,n,a,i,s){if(!n)throw e+" validation rule requires a validation rule argument";var u,o;if(D(n)){var l=n.indexOf(":");if(-1===l)throw n+" is not a valid argument for the "+e+" rule";u=n.substring(0,l)||r,o=n.substring(l+1)}else M(n)?(u=n.shift()||r,o=n):j(n)&&(u=n.field||r,o=n.rules);if(-1===C(a.fields,u))throw u+" is not a valid field for the "+e+" rule";if(!o)throw"rules are required for the "+e+" rule";var f=K.parseRules(o,u,a,i);return function(e,n,a){for(var i=0,s=function(e){e&&i++},o=u===r?e:n.$get(u),l=0;l<f.length;l++)f[l](o,n,s);return t(i,f.length)?K.Stop:e}}}function p(e,t,r){K.Rules[e]=function(t,n,a,i,s){if(!n)throw e+" validation rule requires a list argument";var u,c=!1;if(D(n)?u=I(n,/(,)/,"\\"):M(n)?u=n:k(n)&&(u=c),c!==!1&&(!u||0===u.length))throw n+" is not a valid list of values for the "+e+" rule";if(T(u)){var m=f(u,!0);c=function(e){return m[e]}}else c=function(e){return C(u,e,Y)};var h=o(e,s),v=l(u,"or"),$={$params:n,$list:v};return function(e,n,a){return r(e,n,c)&&a(d(t,i(t),e,n,h,$)),e}},K.Rules[e].message=t}function R(e,t,r){K.Rules[e]=function(t,n,a,i,s){if(!n)throw e+" validation rule requires a range argument";var u,l;if(D(n)){var f=I(n,/(\s*,\s*)/,"\\");u=parseFloat(f[0]),l=parseFloat(f[1])}else M(n)?(u=n[0],l=n[1]):j(n)&&(u=n.start,l=n.end);if(isNaN(u)||isNaN(l))throw n+" is not a valid range of numbers for the "+e+" rule";D(s)&&(s={string:s,number:s,object:s});var c=o(e,s),m={$start:u,$end:l};return function(e,n,a){var s=L(e),o=typeof e,f=c[o];return f&&r(s,u,l)&&(m.$size=s,a(d(t,i(t),e,n,f,m))),e}},K.Rules[e].message=t}function w(e,t,r){K.Rules[e]=function(t,n,a,i,s){c(e,t,n);var u=o(e,s);return function(e,n,a){return r.test(e)||a(d(t,i(t),e,n,u)),e}},K.Rules[e].message=t}function y(e,t,r){K.Rules[e]=function(t,n,a,i,s){var u;if(D(n)?u=parseFloat(n):z(n)&&(u=n),isNaN(u))throw'"'+n+'" is not a valid number for the '+e+" rule";D(s)&&(s={string:s,number:s,object:s});var l=o(e,s),f={$number:n};return function(e,n,a){var s=L(e),o=typeof e,c=l[o];return c&&r(s,u)&&(f.$size=s,a(d(t,i(t),e,n,c,f))),e}},K.Rules[e].message=t}var x=t.Model,q=t.Database,E=t.Promise,_=t.Collection,F=t.ModelCollection,A=t.isEmpty,D=t.isString,M=t.isArray,j=t.isObject,k=t.isFunction,V=t.isDate,z=t.isNumber,N=t.isBoolean,G=t.isValue,T=t.isPrimitiveArray,P=t.isRegExp,O=t.isRekord,S=t.noop,Z=t.equalsCompare,Y=t.equals,C=t.indexOf,L=t.sizeof,I=t.split,W=t.transfer,H=t.format,U=t.parseDate,B=t.addMethod,J=t.replaceMethod;t.on(t.Events.Plugins,function(e,n,a){function i(e){return l[e]||e}var s=a.validation||q.Defaults.validation;if(!A(s)){var u=s.rules||{},o=s.messages||{},l=s.aliases||{},f=!!s.required;n.validations={};for(var c in u)n.validations[c]=K.parseRules(u[c],c,n,i,o[c]);B(e.prototype,"$validate",function(){var e=this;this.$trigger(x.Events.PreValidate,[this]),this.$valid=!0,this.$validations={},this.$validationMessages.length=0;for(var t in n.validations)for(var r=n.validations[t],a=this.$get(t),i=!0,s=function(r){r&&i&&(i=!1,e.$validations[t]=r,e.$validationMessages.push(r),e.$valid=!1)},u=0;u<r.length&&i&&a!==K.Stop;u++)a=r[u](a,this,s);return this.$trigger(this.$valid?x.Events.ValidatePass:x.Events.ValidateFail,[this]),this.$valid}),J(e.prototype,"$init",function(e){return function(){return this.$valid=r,this.$validations={},this.$validationMessages=[],e.apply(this,arguments)}}),f&&J(e.prototype,"$save",function(e){return function(){return this.$isDeleted()?(t.debug(t.Debugs.SAVE_DELETED,this.$db,this),E.resolve(this)):this.$validate()?e.apply(this,arguments):E.resolve(this)}})}}),x.Events.PreValidate="pre-validate",x.Events.ValidatePass="validate-pass",x.Events.ValidateFail="validate-fail";var K={Rules:{},Expression:{},Expressions:[],Delimiter:/([|])/,Escape:"\\",RuleSeparator:":",Stop:{},parseRules:function(e,t,n,a,i){var s=[];if(D(e)&&(e=I(e,this.Delimiter,this.Escape)),M(e))for(var u=0;u<e.length;u++){var o=e[u],l=this.parseRule(o,t,n,a,i);s.push(l)}else if(j(e))for(var f in e){var c=e[f],d=j(c)?c.message:D(c)?c:r,m=j(c)&&c.message?c.input:D(c)?r:c,h=this.parseRule(f,t,n,a,d||i,m);s.push(h)}return s},parseRule:function(e,t,r,n,a,i){var s=e.indexOf(this.RuleSeparator),u=-1===s?e:e.substring(0,s);if("$"===u.charAt(0))return this.customValidator(u,t,r,n,a);var o=-1===s?i:e.substring(s+1),l=K.Rules[u];if(!l)throw u+" is not a valid rule";return l(t,o,r,n,a)},parseExpression:function(e,t){for(var r=K.Expressions,n=0;n<r.length;n++){var a=r[n],i=a(e,t);if(k(i))return i}return S},customValidator:function(e,t,r,n,a){return function(t,r,i){var s=r[e](t,n,a);return D(s)&&i(s),t}}};K.Expression.date=K.Expressions.push(function(e,t){var r=U(e);if(r!==!1){var n=r.getTime();return function(e,t){return n}}})-1,K.Expression.field=K.Expressions.push(function(e,t){return C(t.fields,e)?function(t,r){return r.$get(e)}:void 0})-1;var Q=/^([+-]\d+(\.\d+)?)\s*(.+)$/,X={ms:1,millisecond:1,milliseconds:1,s:1e3,second:1e3,seconds:1e3,min:6e4,mins:6e4,minute:6e4,minutes:6e4,hr:36e5,hour:36e5,hours:36e5,day:864e5,days:864e5,wk:6048e5,week:6048e5,weeks:6048e5,month:["getMonth","setMonth"],months:["getMonth","setMonth"],yr:["getFullYear","setFullYear"],year:["getFullYear","setFullYear"],years:["getFullYear","setFullYear"]};return K.Expression.relative=K.Expressions.push(function(e,t){var r=Q.exec(e);if(null!==r){var n=parseFloat(r[1]),a=r[3],i=X[a];if(!i)throw a+" is not a valid unit.";return function(e,t){var r=new Date;if(z(i))r.setTime(r.getTime()+i*n);else{var a=i[0],s=i[1];r[s](r[a]()+n)}return r.getTime()}}})-1,K.Expression.today=K.Expressions.push(function(e,t){return"today"===e?function(e,t){var r=new Date;return i(r),r.getTime()}:void 0})-1,K.Expression.tomorrow=K.Expressions.push(function(e,t){return"tomorrow"===e?function(e,t){var r=new Date;return r.setDate(r.getDate()+1),i(r),r.getTime()}:void 0})-1,K.Expression.yesterday=K.Expressions.push(function(e,t){return"yesterday"===e?function(e,t){var r=new Date;return r.setDate(r.getDate()-1),i(r),r.getTime()}:void 0})-1,K.Rules.accepted=function(e,t,r,n,a){c("accepted",e,t);var i=o("accepted",a),s=K.Rules.accepted.acceptable;return function(t,r,a){var u=(t+"").toLowerCase(),o=s[u];return o||a(d(e,n(e),t,r,i)),t}},K.Rules.accepted.message="{$alias} has not been accepted.",K.Rules.accepted.acceptable={1:!0,yes:!0,on:!0,y:!0,"true":!0},m("contains","{$alias} does not contain an item whose {$matchAlias} equals {$matchValue}.",function(e,t,r,n,a){return!e.contains(function(e){return e!==t&&a(n,e.$get(r))})}),m("not_contains","{$alias} contains an item whose {$matchAlias} equals {$matchValue}.",function(e,t,r,n,a){return e.contains(function(e){return e!==t&&a(n,e.$get(r))})}),K.Rules.validate=function(e,t,r,n,a){var i=t||"message",s=o("validate",a);return function(t,r,a){if(M(t)){for(var u=new _,o=0;o<t.length;o++){var l=t[o];l&&l.$validate&&!l.$validate()&&u.push(l)}if(u.length)switch(i){case"models":a(u);break;case"validations":a(u.pluck("$validations","$$key"));break;default:a(d(e,n(e),t,r,s))}}return t}},K.Rules.validate.message="{$alias} is not valid.",h("after","{$alias} must be after {$date}.",function(e,t){return e<s(t)}),h("after_on","{$alias} must be after or equal to {$date}.",function(e,t){return t>e}),h("before","{$alias} must be before {$date}.",function(e,t){return e>t}),h("before_on","{$alias} must be before or equal to {$date}.",function(e,t){return e>s(t)}),u("date_like","{$alias} must be a valid date.",function(e,t,r){var n=U(e),a=n===!1;return a||r(n.getTime()),a}),v("required_if","{$alias} is required.",function(e,t,r,n,a){var i=a[t.$get(r)];return i&&A(e)}),v("required_unless","{$alias} is required.",function(e,t,r,n,a){var i=!a[t.$get(r)];return i&&A(e)}),$("confirmed","{$alias} must match {$fieldAliases}.",function(e,t,r,n){for(var a=!0,i=0;i<r.length;i++)Y(e,t.$get(r[i]))||(a=!1);return!a}),$("different","{$alias} must not match {$fieldAliases}.",function(e,t,r,n){for(var a=!1,i=0;i<r.length;i++)Y(e,t.$get(r[i]))||(a=!0);return!a}),$("if_valid","",function(e,t,r,n){for(var a=!0,i=0;i<r.length&&a;i++)t.$validations[r[i]]&&(a=!1);return a||n(K.Stop),!1}),$("required_with","{$alias} is required.",function(e,t,r,n){for(var a=!1,i=0;i<r.length&&!a;i++)A(t.$get(r[i]))||(a=!0);return a&&A(e)}),$("required_with_all","{$alias} is required.",function(e,t,r,n){for(var a=!0,i=0;i<r.length&&a;i++)A(t.$get(r[i]))&&(a=!1);return a&&A(e)}),$("required_without","{$alias} is required.",function(e,t,r,n){for(var a=!1,i=0;i<r.length&&!a;i++)A(t.$get(r[i]))&&(a=!0);return a&&A(e)}),$("required_without_all","{$alias} is required.",function(e,t,r,n){for(var a=!0,i=0;i<r.length&&a;i++)A(t.$get(r[i]))||(a=!1);return a&&A(e)}),g("exists","{$alias} must match an existing {$matchAlias} in a {$class}",function(e,t,r,n){return!r.contains(function(r){return r!==t&&Y(e,r.$get(n))})}),g("unique","{$alias} must be a unique {$matchAlias} in a {$class}",function(e,t,r,n){return r.contains(function(r){return r!==t&&Y(e,r.$get(n))})}),b("if",function(e,t){return e>0}),b("if_any",function(e,t){return e>=t}),b("if_not",function(e,t){return t>e}),p("in","{$alias} must be one of {$list}.",function(e,t,r){return!r(e,t)}),p("not_in","{$alias} must not be one of {$list}.",function(e,t,r){return r(e,t)}),R("between",{string:"{$alias} must have between {$start} to {$end} characters.",number:"{$alias} must be between {$start} and {$end}.",object:"{$alias} must have between {$start} to {$end} items."},function(e,t,r){return t>e||e>r}),R("not_between",{string:"{$alias} must not have between {$start} to {$end} characters.",number:"{$alias} must not be between {$start} and {$end}.",object:"{$alias} must not have between {$start} to {$end} items."},function(e,t,r){return 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+/* rekord-validation 1.5.0 - Advanced validation rules for rekord by Philip Diffenderfer */
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diff --git a/build/rekord-validation.min.js.map b/build/rekord-validation.min.js.map
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rekord-validation 1.4.4 - Advanced validation rules for rekord by Philip Diffenderfer */\n// UMD (Universal Module Definition)\n(function (root, factory)\n{\n  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) // jshint ignore:line\n  {\n    // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.\n    define(['rekord'], function(Rekord) { // jshint ignore:line\n      return factory(root, Rekord);\n    });\n  }\n  else if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports)  // jshint ignore:line\n  {\n    // Node. Does not work with strict CommonJS, but\n    // only CommonJS-like environments that support module.exports,\n    // like Node.\n    module.exports = factory(global, require('rekord'));  // jshint ignore:line\n  }\n  else\n  {\n    // Browser globals (root is window)\n    root.Rekord = factory(root, root.Rekord);\n  }\n}(this, function(global, Rekord, undefined)\n{\n\n  var Model = Rekord.Model;\n  var Database = Rekord.Database;\n  var Promise = Rekord.Promise;\n  var Collection = Rekord.Collection;\n  var ModelCollection = Rekord.ModelCollection;\n\n  var isEmpty = Rekord.isEmpty;\n  var isString = Rekord.isString;\n  var isArray = Rekord.isArray;\n  var isObject = Rekord.isObject;\n  var isFunction = Rekord.isFunction;\n  var isDate = Rekord.isDate;\n  var isNumber = Rekord.isNumber;\n  var isBoolean = Rekord.isBoolean;\n  var isValue = Rekord.isValue;\n  var isPrimitiveArray = Rekord.isPrimitiveArray;\n  var isRegExp = Rekord.isRegExp;\n  var isRekord = Rekord.isRekord;\n\n  var noop = Rekord.noop;\n  var equalsCompare = Rekord.equalsCompare;\n  var equals = Rekord.equals;\n  var indexOf = Rekord.indexOf;\n  var sizeof = Rekord.sizeof;\n\n  var split = Rekord.split;\n  var transfer = Rekord.transfer;\n  var format = Rekord.format;\n\n  var parseDate = Rekord.parseDate;\n\n  var addMethod = Rekord.addMethod;\n  var replaceMethod = Rekord.replaceMethod;\n\nfunction tryParseFloat(x)\n{\n  var parsed = parseFloat( x );\n\n  if ( !isNaN( parsed ) )\n  {\n    x = parsed;\n  }\n\n  return x;\n}\n\nfunction tryParseInt(x)\n{\n  var parsed = parseInt( x );\n\n  if ( !isNaN( parsed ) )\n  {\n    x = parsed;\n  }\n\n  return x;\n}\n\nfunction startOfDay(d)\n{\n  if ( isDate( d ) )\n  {\n    d.setHours( 0, 0, 0, 0 );\n  }\n  else if ( isNumber( d ) )\n  {\n    d = d - (d % 86400000);\n  }\n\n  return d;\n}\n\nfunction endOfDay(d)\n{\n  if ( isDate( d ) )\n  {\n    d.setHours( 23, 59, 59, 999 );\n  }\n  else if ( isNumber( d ) )\n  {\n    d = d - (d % 86400000) + 86400000 - 1;\n  }\n\n  return d;\n}\n\nfunction ruleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    checkNoParams( ruleName, field, params );\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      function setValue( newValue )\n      {\n        value = newValue;\n      }\n\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, setValue ) )\n      {\n        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\nfunction determineMessage(ruleName, message)\n{\n  return message || Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message;\n}\n\nfunction joinFriendly(arr, lastSeparatorCustom, itemSeparatorCustom, getAlias)\n{\n  var copy = arr.slice();\n\n  if ( getAlias )\n  {\n    for (var i = 0; i < copy.length; i++)\n    {\n      copy[ i ] = getAlias( copy[ i ] );\n    }\n  }\n\n  var last = copy.pop();\n  var lastSeparator = lastSeparatorCustom || 'and';\n  var itemSeparator = itemSeparatorCustom || ', ';\n\n  switch (copy.length) {\n    case 0:\n      return last;\n    case 1:\n      return copy[ 0 ] + ' ' + lastSeparator + ' ' + last;\n    default:\n      return copy.join( itemSeparator ) + itemSeparator + lastSeparator + ' ' + last;\n  }\n}\n\nfunction mapFromArray(arr, value)\n{\n  var map = {};\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)\n  {\n    map[ arr[ i ] ] = value;\n  }\n\n  return map;\n}\n\nfunction checkNoParams(ruleName, field, params)\n{\n  if ( params )\n  {\n    throw 'the rule ' + ruleName + ' for field ' + field + ' has no arguments';\n  }\n}\n\nfunction generateMessage(field, alias, value, model, message, extra)\n{\n  if ( isFunction( message ) )\n  {\n    message = message( field, alias, value, model, extra );\n  }\n\n  var base = {};\n  base.$field = field;\n  base.$alias = alias;\n  base.$value = value;\n\n  transfer( model, base );\n\n  if ( isObject( extra ) )\n  {\n    transfer( extra, base );\n  }\n\n  return format( message, base );\n}\n\nRekord.on( Rekord.Events.Plugins, function(model, db, options)\n{\n  var validation = options.validation || Database.Defaults.validation;\n\n  if ( isEmpty( validation ) )\n  {\n    return;\n  }\n\n  var rules = validation.rules || {};\n  var messages = validation.messages || {};\n  var aliases = validation.aliases || {};\n  var required = !!validation.required;\n\n  function getAlias(field)\n  {\n    return aliases[ field ] || field;\n  }\n\n  db.validations = {};\n\n  for ( var field in rules )\n  {\n    db.validations[ field ] = Validation.parseRules( rules[ field ], field, db, getAlias, messages[ field ] );\n  }\n\n  addMethod( model.prototype, '$validate', function()\n  {\n    var $this = this;\n\n    this.$trigger( Model.Events.PreValidate, [this] );\n\n    this.$valid = true;\n    this.$validations = {};\n    this.$validationMessages.length = 0;\n\n    for (var field in db.validations)\n    {\n      var chain = db.validations[ field ];\n      var value = this.$get( field );\n      var fieldValid = true;\n\n      var setMessage = function(message) // jshint ignore:line\n      {\n        // Only accept for the first valid message\n        if ( message && fieldValid )\n        {\n          fieldValid = false;\n\n          $this.$validations[ field ] = message;\n          $this.$validationMessages.push( message );\n          $this.$valid = false;\n        }\n      };\n\n      for (var i = 0; i < chain.length && fieldValid && value !== Validation.Stop; i++)\n      {\n        value = chain[ i ]( value, this, setMessage );\n      }\n    }\n\n    this.$trigger( this.$valid ? Model.Events.ValidatePass : Model.Events.ValidateFail, [this] );\n\n    return this.$valid;\n  });\n\n  replaceMethod( model.prototype, '$init', function($init)\n  {\n    return function()\n    {\n      this.$valid = undefined;\n      this.$validations = {};\n      this.$validationMessages = [];\n\n      return $init.apply( this, arguments );\n    };\n  });\n\n  if ( required )\n  {\n    replaceMethod( model.prototype, '$save', function($save)\n    {\n      return function()\n      {\n        if ( this.$isDeleted() )\n        {\n          Rekord.debug( Rekord.Debugs.SAVE_DELETED, this.$db, this );\n\n          return Promise.resolve( this );\n        }\n\n        if ( !this.$validate() )\n        {\n          return Promise.resolve( this );\n        }\n\n        return $save.apply( this, arguments );\n      };\n    });\n  }\n});\n\nModel.Events.PreValidate = 'pre-validate';\n\nModel.Events.ValidatePass = 'validate-pass';\n\nModel.Events.ValidateFail = 'validate-fail';\n\nvar Validation =\n{\n  Rules: {},\n  Expression: {},\n  Expressions: [],\n  Delimiter: /([|])/,\n  Escape: '\\\\',\n  RuleSeparator: ':',\n  Stop: {},\n\n  parseRules: function(rules, field, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    var validators = [];\n\n    if ( isString( rules ) )\n    {\n      rules = split( rules, this.Delimiter, this.Escape );\n    }\n\n    if ( isArray( rules ) )\n    {\n      for (var i = 0; i < rules.length; i++)\n      {\n        var rule = rules[ i ];\n        var defaultMessageValidator = this.parseRule( rule, field, database, getAlias, message );\n\n        validators.push( defaultMessageValidator );\n      }\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( rules ) )\n    {\n      for (var ruleProperty in rules)\n      {\n        var ruleMessageOrData = rules[ ruleProperty ];\n\n        var ruleMessage = isObject( ruleMessageOrData ) ? ruleMessageOrData.message :\n          ( isString( ruleMessageOrData ) ? ruleMessageOrData : undefined );\n\n        var ruleInput = isObject( ruleMessageOrData ) && ruleMessageOrData.message ? ruleMessageOrData.input :\n          ( isString( ruleMessageOrData ) ? undefined : ruleMessageOrData );\n\n        var customMessageValidator = this.parseRule( ruleProperty, field, database, getAlias, ruleMessage || message, ruleInput );\n\n        validators.push( customMessageValidator );\n      }\n    }\n\n    return validators;\n  },\n\n  parseRule: function(rule, field, database, getAlias, message, input)\n  {\n    var colon = rule.indexOf( this.RuleSeparator );\n    var ruleName = colon === -1 ? rule : rule.substring( 0, colon );\n\n    if ( ruleName.charAt( 0 ) === '$' )\n    {\n      return this.customValidator( ruleName, field, database, getAlias, message );\n    }\n\n    var ruleParams = colon === -1 ? input : rule.substring( colon + 1 );\n    var validatorFactory = Validation.Rules[ ruleName ];\n\n    if ( !validatorFactory )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' is not a valid rule';\n    }\n\n    return validatorFactory( field, ruleParams, database, getAlias, message );\n  },\n\n  parseExpression: function(expr, database)\n  {\n    var parsers = Validation.Expressions;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < parsers.length; i++)\n    {\n      var parser = parsers[ i ];\n      var expressionFunction = parser( expr, database );\n\n      if ( isFunction( expressionFunction ) )\n      {\n        return expressionFunction; // (value, model)\n      }\n    }\n\n    return noop;\n  },\n\n  customValidator: function(functionName, field, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      var result = model[ functionName ]( value, getAlias, message );\n\n      if ( isString( result ) )\n      {\n        setMessage( result );\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  }\n};\n\nValidation.Expression.date =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  var parsed = parseDate( expr );\n\n  if ( parsed !== false )\n  {\n    var parsedTime = parsed.getTime();\n\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      return parsedTime;\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\nValidation.Expression.field =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  if ( indexOf( database.fields, expr ) )\n  {\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      return model.$get( expr );\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\n\nvar RELATIVE_REGEX = /^([+-]\\d+(\\.\\d+)?)\\s*(.+)$/;\n\nvar RELATIVE_UNITS = {\n  ms: 1,\n  millisecond: 1,\n  milliseconds: 1,\n  s: 1000,\n  second: 1000,\n  seconds: 1000,\n  min: 1000 * 60,\n  mins: 1000 * 60,\n  minute: 1000 * 60,\n  minutes: 1000 * 60,\n  hr: 1000 * 60 * 60,\n  hour: 1000 * 60 * 60,\n  hours: 1000 * 60 * 60,\n  day: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24,\n  days: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24,\n  wk: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7,\n  week: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7,\n  weeks: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7,\n  month: ['getMonth', 'setMonth'],\n  months: ['getMonth', 'setMonth'],\n  yr: ['getFullYear', 'setFullYear'],\n  year: ['getFullYear', 'setFullYear'],\n  years: ['getFullYear', 'setFullYear']\n};\n\nValidation.Expression.relative =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  var parsed = RELATIVE_REGEX.exec( expr );\n\n  if ( parsed !== null )\n  {\n    var amount = parseFloat( parsed[ 1 ] );\n    var unit = parsed[ 3 ];\n    var unitScale = RELATIVE_UNITS[ unit ];\n\n    if ( !unitScale )\n    {\n      throw unit + ' is not a valid unit.';\n    }\n\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      var relative = new Date();\n\n      if ( isNumber( unitScale ) )\n      {\n        relative.setTime( relative.getTime() + unitScale * amount );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        var getter = unitScale[0];\n        var setter = unitScale[1];\n\n        relative[ setter ]( relative[ getter ]() + amount );\n      }\n\n      return relative.getTime();\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\nValidation.Expression.today =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  if ( expr === 'today' )\n  {\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      var today = new Date();\n\n      startOfDay( today );\n\n      return today.getTime();\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\nValidation.Expression.tomorrow =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  if ( expr === 'tomorrow' )\n  {\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      var tomorrow = new Date();\n\n      tomorrow.setDate( tomorrow.getDate() + 1 );\n      startOfDay( tomorrow );\n\n      return tomorrow.getTime();\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\nValidation.Expression.yesterday =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  if ( expr === 'yesterday' )\n  {\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      var yesterday = new Date();\n\n      yesterday.setDate( yesterday.getDate() - 1 );\n      startOfDay( yesterday );\n\n      return yesterday.getTime();\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\n// accepted\nValidation.Rules.accepted = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n{\n  checkNoParams( 'accepted', field, params );\n\n  var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'accepted', message );\n  var acceptable = Validation.Rules.accepted.acceptable;\n\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    var valueString = (value + '').toLowerCase();\n    var accepted = acceptable[ valueString ];\n\n    if ( !accepted )\n    {\n      setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.accepted.message = '{$alias} has not been accepted.';\n\nValidation.Rules.accepted.acceptable =\n{\n  '1':    true,\n  'yes':  true,\n  'on':   true,\n  'y':    true,\n  'true': true\n};\n\n// contains:field,value\ncollectionRuleGenerator('contains',\n  '{$alias} does not contain an item whose {$matchAlias} equals {$matchValue}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, matchField, matchValue, equality)\n  {\n    return !value.contains(function isMatch(m)\n    {\n      return m !== model && equality( matchValue, m.$get( matchField ) );\n    });\n  }\n);\n\n// not_contains:field,value\ncollectionRuleGenerator('not_contains',\n  '{$alias} contains an item whose {$matchAlias} equals {$matchValue}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, matchField, matchValue, equality)\n  {\n    return value.contains(function isMatch(m)\n    {\n      return m !== model && equality( matchValue, m.$get( matchField ) );\n    });\n  }\n);\n\nfunction collectionRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires field & value arguments';\n    }\n\n    var matchField, matchValue, equality;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var comma = params.indexOf(',');\n\n      if ( comma === -1 )\n      {\n        throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires field & value arguments';\n      }\n\n      matchField = params.substring( 0, comma );\n      matchValue = params.substring( comma + 1 );\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      matchField = params[ 0 ];\n      matchValue = params[ 1 ];\n      equality = params[ 2 ];\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      matchField = params.field;\n      matchValue = params.value;\n      equality = params.equals;\n    }\n\n    if ( !isFunction( equality ) )\n    {\n      equality = equalsCompare;\n    }\n\n    if ( indexOf( database.fields, matchField ) === -1 )\n    {\n      throw matchField + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $matchField: matchField,\n      $matchAlias: getAlias( matchField ),\n      $matchValue: matchValue\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, matchField, matchValue, equality ) )\n      {\n        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\nValidation.Rules.validate = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n{\n  // message, models, validations\n  var messageOption = params || 'message';\n  var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'validate', message );\n\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    if ( isArray( value ) )\n    {\n      var invalid = new Collection();\n\n      for (var i = 0; i < value.length; i++)\n      {\n        var related = value[ i ];\n\n        if ( related && related.$validate && !related.$validate() )\n        {\n          invalid.push( related );\n        }\n      }\n\n      if ( invalid.length )\n      {\n        switch (messageOption)\n        {\n          case 'models':\n            setMessage( invalid );\n            break;\n          case 'validations':\n            setMessage( invalid.pluck( '$validations', '$$key' ) );\n            break;\n          default: // message\n            setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n            break;\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.validate.message = '{$alias} is not valid.';\n\n// after:today\ndateRuleGenerator('after',\n  '{$alias} must be after {$date}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, date) {\n    return value < endOfDay( date );\n  }\n);\n\n// after_on:tomorrow\ndateRuleGenerator('after_on',\n  '{$alias} must be after or equal to {$date}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, date) {\n    return value < date;\n  }\n);\n\n// before:yesterday\ndateRuleGenerator('before',\n  '{$alias} must be before {$date}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, date) {\n    return value > date;\n  }\n);\n\n// before_on:+2days\ndateRuleGenerator('before_on',\n  '{$alias} must be before or equal to {$date}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, date) {\n    return value > endOfDay( date );\n  }\n);\n\n// date\nruleGenerator('date_like',\n  '{$alias} must be a valid date.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {\n    var parsed = parseDate( value );\n    var invalid = parsed === false;\n    if ( !invalid ) {\n      setValue( parsed.getTime() );\n    }\n    return invalid;\n  }\n);\n\nfunction dateRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a date expression argument';\n    }\n\n    var dateExpression;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      dateExpression = Validation.parseExpression( params, database );\n    }\n    else if ( isFunction( params ) )\n    {\n      dateExpression = params;\n    }\n    else\n    {\n      var parsed = parseDate( params );\n\n      if ( parsed !== false )\n      {\n        var parsedTime = parsed.getTime();\n\n        dateExpression = function()\n        {\n          return parsedTime;\n        };\n      }\n    }\n\n    if ( !dateExpression || dateExpression === noop )\n    {\n      throw params + ' is not a valid date expression for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $date: params\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      var parsed = parseDate( value );\n\n      if ( parsed !== false )\n      {\n        value = parsed.getTime();\n\n        var date = dateExpression( value, model );\n\n        if ( isNumber( date ) && isInvalid( value, date ) )\n        {\n          setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n        }\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n\n// required_if:X,Y,...\nfieldListRuleGenerator('required_if',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, field, values, map) {\n    var required = map[ model.$get( field ) ];\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// required_unless:X,Y,...\nfieldListRuleGenerator('required_unless',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, field, values, map) {\n    var required = !map[ model.$get( field ) ];\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\nfunction fieldListRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a field and list arguments';\n    }\n\n    var matchField, matchValues;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var parts = split( params, /(,)/, '\\\\' );\n\n      matchField = parts.shift();\n      matchValues = parts;\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      matchField = params.shift();\n      matchValues = params;\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      matchField = params.field;\n      matchValues = params.values;\n    }\n\n    if ( indexOf( database.fields, matchField ) === false )\n    {\n      throw matchField + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var list = joinFriendly( matchValues );\n    var extra = {\n      $params: params,\n      $matchField: matchField,\n      $matchAlias: getAlias( matchField ),\n      $list: list\n    };\n    var map = mapFromArray( matchValues, true );\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, matchField, matchValues, map ) )\n      {\n        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n// confirmed:X\nfieldsRuleGenerator('confirmed',\n  '{$alias} must match {$fieldAliases}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {\n    var confirmed = true;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)\n    {\n      if ( !equals( value, model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        confirmed = false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return !confirmed;\n  }\n);\n\n// different:X\nfieldsRuleGenerator('different',\n  '{$alias} must not match {$fieldAliases}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {\n    var different = false;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)\n    {\n      if ( !equals( value, model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        different = true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return !different;\n  }\n);\n\n// if_valid:X\nfieldsRuleGenerator('if_valid',\n  '',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {\n    var valid = true;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && valid; i++)\n    {\n      if ( model.$validations[ fields[ i ] ] )\n      {\n        valid = false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    if ( !valid )\n    {\n      setValue( Validation.Stop );\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  }\n);\n\n// The field under validation must be present only if any of the other specified fields are present.\n// required_with:X,Y,...\nfieldsRuleGenerator('required_with',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {\n    var required = false;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && !required; i++)\n    {\n      if ( !isEmpty( model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        required = true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// The field under validation must be present only if all of the other specified fields are present.\n// required_with_all:X,Y,...\nfieldsRuleGenerator('required_with_all',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {\n    var required = true;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && required; i++)\n    {\n      if ( isEmpty( model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        required = false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// The field under validation must be present only when any of the other specified fields are not present.\n// required_without:X,Y,...\nfieldsRuleGenerator('required_without',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {\n    var required = false;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && !required; i++)\n    {\n      if ( isEmpty( model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        required = true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// The field under validation must be present only when all of the other specified fields are not present.\n// required_without_all:X,Y,...\nfieldsRuleGenerator('required_without_all',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {\n    var required = true;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && required; i++)\n    {\n      if ( !isEmpty( model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        required = false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\nfunction fieldsRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires an array of fields argument';\n    }\n\n    var fields = split( params, /(\\s*,\\s*)/, '\\\\' );\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)\n    {\n      if ( indexOf( database.fields, fields[ i ] ) === -1 )\n      {\n        throw fields[ i ] + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n      }\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var fieldNames = joinFriendly( fields );\n    var fieldAliases = joinFriendly( fields, false, false, getAlias );\n    var extra = {\n      $fields: fieldNames,\n      $fieldAliases: fieldAliases\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      function setValue( newValue )\n      {\n        value = newValue;\n      }\n\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, fields, setValue ) )\n      {\n        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n// exists:X,Y\nforeignRuleGenerator('exists',\n  '{$alias} must match an existing {$matchAlias} in a {$class}',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, models, fieldName)\n  {\n    return !models.contains(function isDifferentMatch(m)\n    {\n      return m !== model && equals( value, m.$get( fieldName ) );\n    });\n  }\n);\n\n// unique:X,Y\nforeignRuleGenerator('unique',\n  '{$alias} must be a unique {$matchAlias} in a {$class}',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, models, fieldName)\n  {\n    return models.contains(function isDifferentMatch(m)\n    {\n      return m !== model && equals( value, m.$get( fieldName ) );\n    });\n  }\n);\n\n// 'ruleName'\n// 'ruleName:name'\n// 'ruleName:,field'\n// 'ruleName:name,field'\n// 'ruleName:name,field': '...'\n// 'ruleName': {input: {field: 'field', model: 'name'}, message: '...'}\n// 'ruleName': {input: {field: 'field', model: ModelClass}, message: '...'}\n// 'ruleName': {input: {field: 'field', models: [...]}, message: '...'}\n// 'ruleName': {field: 'field', model: 'name'}\n// 'ruleName': {field: 'field', model: ModelClass}\n// 'ruleName': {field: 'field', models: [...]}\nfunction foreignRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    var modelName, models, fieldName;\n\n    if ( !isValue( params ) || isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var parts = split( params || '', /(\\s*,\\s*)/, '\\\\' );\n      modelName = parts[0] || database.name;\n      fieldName = parts[1] || field;\n      models = null;\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      modelName = isString( params[0] ) ? params.shift() : database.name;\n      fieldName = isString( params[0] ) ? params.shift() : field;\n      models = new ModelCollection( database, params );\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      modelName = params.model || database.name;\n      fieldName = params.field || field;\n      models = params.models;\n    }\n\n    if ( !models )\n    {\n      if ( !modelName )\n      {\n        throw 'model, model class, or models is required for ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n      }\n\n      if ( isString( modelName ) )\n      {\n        Rekord.get( modelName ).success(function(modelClass)\n        {\n          models = modelClass.all();\n        });\n      }\n      else if ( isRekord( modelName ) )\n      {\n        models = modelName.all();\n      }\n    }\n\n    if ( indexOf( database.fields, fieldName ) === false )\n    {\n      throw fieldName + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $class: modelName,\n      $matchField: fieldName,\n      $matchAlias: getAlias( fieldName )\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      if ( models && isValue( value ) )\n      {\n        if ( isInvalid( value, model, models, fieldName ) )\n        {\n          setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n        }\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n// if:due_date:before:today|required\n\n// if all rules pass for the given field, continue with remaining rules\nsubRuleGenerator('if',\n  function isInvalid(invalidCount, totalCount) {\n    return invalidCount > 0;\n  }\n);\n\n// if any rules pass for the given field, continue with remaining rules\nsubRuleGenerator('if_any',\n  function isInvalid(invalidCount, totalCount) {\n    return invalidCount >= totalCount;\n  }\n);\n\n// if no rules pass for the given field, continue with remaining rules\nsubRuleGenerator('if_not',\n  function isInvalid(invalidCount, totalCount) {\n    return invalidCount < totalCount;\n  }\n);\n\n\n\nfunction subRuleGenerator(ruleName, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a validation rule argument';\n    }\n\n    var otherField, otherRules;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var colon = params.indexOf( ':' );\n\n      if ( colon === -1 )\n      {\n        throw params + ' is not a valid argument for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n      }\n\n      otherField = params.substring( 0, colon ) || field;\n      otherRules = params.substring( colon + 1 );\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      otherField = params.shift() || field;\n      otherRules = params;\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      otherField = params.field || field;\n      otherRules = params.rules;\n    }\n\n    if ( indexOf( database.fields, otherField ) === -1 )\n    {\n      throw otherField + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    if ( !otherRules )\n    {\n      throw 'rules are required for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var validators = Validation.parseRules( otherRules, otherField, database, getAlias );\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      var invalids = 0;\n\n      var setInvalid = function(message)\n      {\n        if ( message )\n        {\n          invalids++;\n        }\n      };\n\n      var testValue = otherField === field ? value : model.$get( otherField );\n\n      for (var i = 0; i < validators.length; i++)\n      {\n        validators[ i ]( testValue, model, setInvalid );\n      }\n\n      return isInvalid( invalids, validators.length ) ? Validation.Stop : value;\n    };\n  };\n}\n\n// in:X,Y,Z,...\nlistRuleGenerator('in',\n  '{$alias} must be one of {$list}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, inList)\n  {\n    return !inList( value, model );\n  }\n);\n\n// not_in:X,Y,Z,...\nlistRuleGenerator('not_in',\n  '{$alias} must not be one of {$list}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, inList)\n  {\n    return inList( value, model );\n  }\n);\n\nfunction listRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a list argument';\n    }\n\n    var values, inList = false;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      values = split( params, /(,)/, '\\\\' );\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      values = params;\n    }\n    else if ( isFunction( params ) )\n    {\n      values = inList;\n    }\n\n    if ( inList !== false )\n    {\n      if ( !values || values.length === 0 )\n      {\n        throw params + ' is not a valid list of values for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n      }\n    }\n\n    if ( isPrimitiveArray( values ) )\n    {\n      var map = mapFromArray( values, true );\n\n      inList = function(value)\n      {\n        return map[ value ];\n      };\n    }\n    else\n    {\n      inList = function(value)\n      {\n        return indexOf( values, value, equals );\n      };\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var list = joinFriendly( values, 'or' );\n    var extra = {\n      $params: params,\n      $list: list\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, inList ) )\n      {\n        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n// between:3,10\nrangeRuleGenerator('between', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have between {$start} to {$end} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be between {$start} and {$end}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have between {$start} to {$end} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, start, end) {\n    return value < start || value > end;\n  }\n);\n\n// not_between\nrangeRuleGenerator('not_between', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must not have between {$start} to {$end} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must not be between {$start} and {$end}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must not have between {$start} to {$end} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, start, end) {\n    return value >= start && value <= end;\n  }\n);\n\nfunction rangeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a range argument';\n    }\n\n    var start, end;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var range = split( params, /(\\s*,\\s*)/, '\\\\' );\n\n      start = parseFloat( range[0] );\n      end = parseFloat( range[1] );\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      start = params[ 0 ];\n      end = params[ 1 ];\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      start = params.start;\n      end = params.end;\n    }\n\n    if ( isNaN( start ) || isNaN( end ) )\n    {\n      throw params + ' is not a valid range of numbers for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    if ( isString( message ) )\n    {\n      message = {\n        'string': message,\n        'number': message,\n        'object': message\n      };\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $start: start,\n      $end: end\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      var size = sizeof( value );\n      var type = typeof( value );\n      var typeMessage = messageTemplate[ type ];\n\n      if ( typeMessage && isInvalid( size, start, end ) )\n      {\n        extra.$size = size;\n\n        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessages;\n}\n\n\n\nregexRuleGenerator('alpha',\n  '{$alias} should only contain alphabetic characters.',\n    /^[a-zA-Z]*$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('alpha_dash',\n  '{$alias} should only contain alpha-numeric characters, dashes, and underscores.',\n  /^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]*$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('alpha_num',\n  '{$alias} should only contain alpha-numeric characters.',\n  /^[a-zA-Z0-9]*$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('email',\n  '{$alias} is not a valid email.',\n  /^.+@.+\\..+$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('url',\n  '{$alias} is not a valid URL.',\n  /^(https?:\\/\\/)?[-a-zA-Z0-9@:%._\\+~#=]{2,256}\\.[a-z]{2,6}\\b([-a-zA-Z0-9@:%_\\+.~#?&//=]*)$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('uri',\n  '{$alias} is not a valid URI.',\n  /^(\\w+:\\/\\/)?[-a-zA-Z0-9@:%._\\+~#=]{2,256}\\.[a-z]{2,6}\\b([-a-zA-Z0-9@:%_\\+.~#?&//=]*)$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('phone',\n  '{$alias} is not a valid phone number.',\n  /^1?\\W*([2-9][0-8][0-9])\\W*([2-9][0-9]{2})\\W*([0-9]{4})(\\se?x?t?(\\d*))?$/\n);\n\nfunction regexRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, regex)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    checkNoParams( ruleName, field, params );\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      if ( !regex.test( value ) )\n      {\n        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\nValidation.Rules.regex = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n{\n  var regex;\n\n  if ( isString( params ) )\n  {\n    var parsed = /^\\/(.*)\\/([gmi]*)$/.exec( params );\n\n    if ( parsed )\n    {\n      regex = new RegExp( parsed[1], parsed[2] );\n    }\n  }\n  else if ( isRegExp( params ) )\n  {\n    regex = params;\n  }\n\n  if ( !regex )\n  {\n    throw params + ' is not a valid regular expression for the regex rule';\n  }\n\n  var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'regex', message );\n\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    if ( !regex.test( value ) )\n    {\n      setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.regex.message = '{$alias} is not a valid value.';\n\n// required\nruleGenerator('required',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// min:3\nsizeRuleGenerator('min', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have a minimum of {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be at least {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have at least {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value < number;\n  }\n);\n\n// greater_than:0\nsizeRuleGenerator('greater_than', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have more than {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be greater than {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have more than {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value <= number;\n  }\n);\n\n// max:10\nsizeRuleGenerator('max', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have no more than {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be no more than {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have no more than {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value > number;\n  }\n);\n\n// less_than:5\nsizeRuleGenerator('less_than', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have less than {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be less than {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have less than {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value >= number;\n  }\n);\n\n// equal:4.5\nsizeRuleGenerator('equal', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must equal {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value !== number;\n  }\n);\n\n// not_equal:0\nsizeRuleGenerator('not_equal', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must not have {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must not equal {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must not have {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value === number;\n  }\n);\n\nfunction sizeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    var number;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      number = parseFloat( params );\n    }\n    else if ( isNumber( params ) )\n    {\n      number = params;\n    }\n\n    if ( isNaN( number ) )\n    {\n      throw '\"' + params + '\" is not a valid number for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    if ( isString( message ) )\n    {\n      message = {\n        'string': message,\n        'number': message,\n        'object': message\n      };\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $number: params\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, setMessage)\n    {\n      var size = sizeof( value );\n      var type = typeof( value );\n      var typeMessage = messageTemplate[ type ];\n\n      if ( typeMessage && isInvalid( size, number ) )\n      {\n        extra.$size = size;\n\n        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessages;\n}\n\n\nruleGenerator('array',\n  '{$alias} must be an array.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isArray( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('object',\n  '{$alias} must be an object.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isObject( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('string',\n  '{$alias} must be a string.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isString( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('number',\n  '{$alias} must be a number.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isNumber( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('boolean',\n  '{$alias} must be a true or false.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isBoolean( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('model',\n  '{$alias} must have a value.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !(value instanceof Model);\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('whole',\n  '{$alias} must be a whole number.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {\n    var parsed = tryParseInt( value );\n    var numeric = parseFloat( value );\n    var invalid = !isNumber( parsed );\n    if ( !invalid ) {\n      invalid = Math.floor( parsed ) !== numeric;\n      if ( !invalid ) {\n        setValue( parsed );\n      }\n    }\n    return invalid;\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('numeric',\n  '{$alias} must be numeric.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {\n    var parsed = tryParseFloat( value );\n    var invalid = !isNumber( parsed );\n    if ( !invalid ) {\n      setValue( parsed );\n    }\n    return invalid;\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('yesno',\n  '{$alias} must be a yes or no.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {\n    var mapped = Validation.Rules.yesno.map[ value ];\n    var invalid = !isBoolean( mapped );\n    if ( !invalid ) {\n      setValue( mapped );\n    }\n    return invalid;\n  }\n);\n\nValidation.Rules.yesno.map =\n{\n  'true':   true,\n  't':      true,\n  'yes':    true,\n  'y':      true,\n  '1':      true,\n  'false':  false,\n  'f':      false,\n  'no':     false,\n  'n':      false,\n  '0':      false\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.abs = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n\n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      value = Math.abs( value );\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.apply = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    model.$set( field, value );\n    \n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.base64 = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    if ( global.btoa )\n    {\n      value = global.btoa( value );\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.ceil = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n    \n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      value = Math.ceil( value );\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.endOfDay = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    return endOfDay( value );\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.filter = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    if ( isArray( value ) )\n    {\n      for (var i = value.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)\n      {\n        if ( !isValue( value[ i ] ) )\n        {\n          value.splice( i, 1 );\n        }\n      }\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( value ) )\n    {\n      for (var prop in value)\n      {\n        if ( !isValue( value[ prop ] ) )\n        {\n          delete value[ prop ];\n        }\n      }\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.floor = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n    \n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      value = Math.floor( value );\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.mod = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  var number = tryParseFloat( params );\n\n  if ( !isNumber( number ) )\n  {\n    throw '\"' + number + '\" is not a valid number for the mod rule.';\n  }\n\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n\n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      value = value % number;\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.null = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    model.$set( field, null );\n\n    return null;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.round = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n\n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      value = Math.round( value );\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.startOfDay = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    return startOfDay( value );\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.trim = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  var trim = (function()\n  {\n    if ( String.prototype.trim )\n    {\n      return function(x) {\n        return x.trim();\n      };\n    }\n\n    var regex = /^[\\s\\uFEFF\\xA0]+|[\\s\\uFEFF\\xA0]+$/g;\n\n    return function(x)\n    {\n      return x.replace( regex, '' );\n    };\n\n  })();\n\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    if ( isString( value ) )\n    {\n      value = trim( value );\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.unbase64 = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, setMessage)\n  {\n    if ( global.atob )\n    {\n      value = global.atob( value );\n    }\n\n    return value;\n  };\n};\n\n\n  Rekord.Validation = Validation;\n\n  Rekord.ruleGenerator = ruleGenerator;\n  Rekord.rangeRuleGenerator = rangeRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.collectionRuleGenerator = collectionRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.dateRuleGenerator = dateRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.fieldListRuleGenerator = fieldListRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.fieldsRuleGenerator = fieldsRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.foreignRuleGenerator = foreignRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.subRuleGenerator = subRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.listRuleGenerator = listRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.regexRuleGenerator = regexRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.sizeRuleGenerator = sizeRuleGenerator;\n\n  Rekord.joinFriendly = joinFriendly;\n  Rekord.tryParseFloat = tryParseFloat;\n  Rekord.tryParseInt = tryParseInt;\n  Rekord.startOfDay = startOfDay;\n  Rekord.endOfDay = endOfDay;\n  Rekord.determineMessage = determineMessage;\n  Rekord.mapFromArray = mapFromArray;\n  Rekord.checkNoParams = checkNoParams;\n  Rekord.generateMessage = generateMessage;\n\n  return Rekord;\n\n}));\n"],"sourceRoot":"/source/"}
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rekord-validation 1.5.0 - Advanced validation rules for rekord by Philip Diffenderfer */\n// UMD (Universal Module Definition)\n(function (root, factory)\n{\n  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) // jshint ignore:line\n  {\n    // AMD. Register as an anonymous module.\n    define(['rekord'], function(Rekord) { // jshint ignore:line\n      return factory(root, Rekord);\n    });\n  }\n  else if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports)  // jshint ignore:line\n  {\n    // Node. Does not work with strict CommonJS, but\n    // only CommonJS-like environments that support module.exports,\n    // like Node.\n    module.exports = factory(global, require('rekord'));  // jshint ignore:line\n  }\n  else\n  {\n    // Browser globals (root is window)\n    root.Rekord = factory(root, root.Rekord);\n  }\n}(this, function(global, Rekord, undefined)\n{\n\n  var Model = Rekord.Model;\n  var Database = Rekord.Database;\n  var Promise = Rekord.Promise;\n  var Collection = Rekord.Collection;\n  var ModelCollection = Rekord.ModelCollection;\n  var Class = Rekord.Class;\n\n  var isEmpty = Rekord.isEmpty;\n  var isString = Rekord.isString;\n  var isArray = Rekord.isArray;\n  var isObject = Rekord.isObject;\n  var isFunction = Rekord.isFunction;\n  var isDate = Rekord.isDate;\n  var isNumber = Rekord.isNumber;\n  var isBoolean = Rekord.isBoolean;\n  var isValue = Rekord.isValue;\n  var isPrimitiveArray = Rekord.isPrimitiveArray;\n  var isRegExp = Rekord.isRegExp;\n  var isRekord = Rekord.isRekord;\n\n  var noop = Rekord.noop;\n  var equalsCompare = Rekord.equalsCompare;\n  var equals = Rekord.equals;\n  var indexOf = Rekord.indexOf;\n  var sizeof = Rekord.sizeof;\n\n  var split = Rekord.split;\n  var transfer = Rekord.transfer;\n  var format = Rekord.format;\n\n  var parseDate = Rekord.parseDate;\n\n\nfunction ValidationChain(model, field, validations, onEnd)\n{\n  this.model = model;\n  this.field = field;\n  this.validations = validations;\n  this.onEnd = onEnd;\n}\n\nClass.create( ValidationChain,\n{\n\n  reset: function(value)\n  {\n    this.value = value !== undefined ? value : this.model.$get( this.field );\n    this.updated = false;\n    this.valid = true;\n    this.message = '';\n    this.linkIndex = 0;\n  },\n\n  start: function(value)\n  {\n    this.reset( value );\n    this.call();\n  },\n\n  call: function()\n  {\n    this.validations[ this.linkIndex ]( this.value, this.model, this );\n  },\n\n  update: function(newValue)\n  {\n    this.value = newValue;\n    this.updated = true;\n\n    return this;\n  },\n\n  next: function()\n  {\n    var n = this.validations.length;\n\n    this.linkIndex++;\n\n    if (this.linkIndex === n)\n    {\n      this.onEnd( this );\n    }\n    else if (this.linkIndex < n)\n    {\n      this.call();\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  },\n\n  stop: function()\n  {\n    var n = this.validations.length;\n\n    if (this.linkIndex < n)\n    {\n      this.linkIndex = n - 1;\n      this.next();\n    }\n\n    return this;\n  },\n\n  invalid: function(message)\n  {\n    this.message = message;\n    this.valid = false;\n    this.stop();\n\n    return this;\n  }\n\n});\n\nfunction tryParseFloat(x)\n{\n  var parsed = parseFloat( x );\n\n  if ( !isNaN( parsed ) )\n  {\n    x = parsed;\n  }\n\n  return x;\n}\n\nfunction tryParseInt(x)\n{\n  var parsed = parseInt( x );\n\n  if ( !isNaN( parsed ) )\n  {\n    x = parsed;\n  }\n\n  return x;\n}\n\nfunction startOfDay(d)\n{\n  if ( isDate( d ) )\n  {\n    d.setHours( 0, 0, 0, 0 );\n  }\n  else if ( isNumber( d ) )\n  {\n    d = d - (d % 86400000);\n  }\n\n  return d;\n}\n\nfunction endOfDay(d)\n{\n  if ( isDate( d ) )\n  {\n    d.setHours( 23, 59, 59, 999 );\n  }\n  else if ( isNumber( d ) )\n  {\n    d = d - (d % 86400000) + 86400000 - 1;\n  }\n\n  return d;\n}\n\nfunction ruleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    checkNoParams( ruleName, field, params );\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, chain ) )\n      {\n        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\nfunction determineMessage(ruleName, message)\n{\n  return message || Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message;\n}\n\nfunction joinFriendly(arr, lastSeparatorCustom, itemSeparatorCustom, getAlias)\n{\n  var copy = arr.slice();\n\n  if ( getAlias )\n  {\n    for (var i = 0; i < copy.length; i++)\n    {\n      copy[ i ] = getAlias( copy[ i ] );\n    }\n  }\n\n  var last = copy.pop();\n  var lastSeparator = lastSeparatorCustom || 'and';\n  var itemSeparator = itemSeparatorCustom || ', ';\n\n  switch (copy.length) {\n    case 0:\n      return last;\n    case 1:\n      return copy[ 0 ] + ' ' + lastSeparator + ' ' + last;\n    default:\n      return copy.join( itemSeparator ) + itemSeparator + lastSeparator + ' ' + last;\n  }\n}\n\nfunction mapFromArray(arr, value)\n{\n  var map = {};\n\n  for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)\n  {\n    map[ arr[ i ] ] = value;\n  }\n\n  return map;\n}\n\nfunction checkNoParams(ruleName, field, params)\n{\n  if ( params )\n  {\n    throw 'the rule ' + ruleName + ' for field ' + field + ' has no arguments';\n  }\n}\n\nfunction generateMessage(field, alias, value, model, message, extra)\n{\n  if ( isFunction( message ) )\n  {\n    message = message( field, alias, value, model, extra );\n  }\n\n  var base = {};\n  base.$field = field;\n  base.$alias = alias;\n  base.$value = value;\n\n  transfer( model, base );\n\n  if ( isObject( extra ) )\n  {\n    transfer( extra, base );\n  }\n\n  return format( message, base );\n}\n\nRekord.addPlugin(function(model, db, options)\n{\n  var validation = options.validation || Database.Defaults.validation;\n\n  if ( isEmpty( validation ) )\n  {\n    return;\n  }\n\n  var rules = validation.rules || {};\n  var messages = validation.messages || {};\n  var aliases = validation.aliases || {};\n  var required = !!validation.required;\n\n  function getAlias(field)\n  {\n    return aliases[ field ] || field;\n  }\n\n  db.validations = {};\n\n  for ( var field in rules )\n  {\n    db.validations[ field ] = Validation.parseRules( rules[ field ], field, db, getAlias, messages[ field ] );\n  }\n\n  Class.method( model, '$validate', function(callback, context)\n  {\n    this.$trigger( Model.Events.PreValidate, [this] );\n\n    this.$valid = true;\n    this.$validations = {};\n    this.$validationMessages.length = 0;\n\n    var chainEnds = 0;\n    var chains = [];\n\n    var onChainEnd = function(chain)\n    {\n      var model = chain.model;\n\n      if (!chain.valid)\n      {\n        model.$validations[ chain.field ] = chain.message;\n        model.$validationMessages.push( chain.message );\n        model.$valid = false;\n      }\n\n      if (++chainEnds === chains.length)\n      {\n        model.$trigger( model.$valid ? Model.Events.ValidatePass : Model.Events.ValidateFail, [model] );\n\n        if ( isFunction( callback ) )\n        {\n          callback.call( context || model, model.$valid );\n        }\n      }\n    };\n\n    for (var field in db.validations)\n    {\n      var validations = db.validations[ field ];\n      var chain = new ValidationChain( this, field, validations, onChainEnd );\n\n      chains.push( chain );\n    }\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < chains.length; i++)\n    {\n      chains[ i ].start();\n    }\n\n    return this.$valid;\n  });\n\n  Class.replace( model, '$init', function($init)\n  {\n    return function()\n    {\n      this.$valid = undefined;\n      this.$validations = {};\n      this.$validationMessages = [];\n\n      return $init.apply( this, arguments );\n    };\n  });\n\n  if ( required )\n  {\n    Class.replace( model, '$save', function($save)\n    {\n      return function()\n      {\n        if ( this.$isDeleted() )\n        {\n          Rekord.debug( Rekord.Debugs.SAVE_DELETED, this.$db, this );\n\n          return Promise.resolve( this );\n        }\n\n        var promise = new Rekord.Promise();\n        var modelInstance = this;\n        var args = arguments;\n\n        this.$validate(function(valid)\n        {\n          if (!valid)\n          {\n            promise.reject( modelInstance );\n          }\n          else\n          {\n            var saving = $save.apply( modelInstance, args );\n\n            saving.then( promise.resolve, promise.reject, promise.noline, promise.cancel, promise );\n          }\n        });\n\n        return promise;\n      };\n    });\n  }\n});\n\nModel.Events.PreValidate = 'pre-validate';\n\nModel.Events.ValidatePass = 'validate-pass';\n\nModel.Events.ValidateFail = 'validate-fail';\n\nvar Validation =\n{\n  Rules: {},\n  Expression: {},\n  Expressions: [],\n  Delimiter: /([|])/,\n  Escape: '\\\\',\n  RuleSeparator: ':',\n  Stop: {},\n\n  parseRules: function(rules, field, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    var validators = [];\n\n    if ( isString( rules ) )\n    {\n      rules = split( rules, this.Delimiter, this.Escape );\n    }\n\n    if ( isArray( rules ) )\n    {\n      for (var i = 0; i < rules.length; i++)\n      {\n        var rule = rules[ i ];\n        var defaultMessageValidator = this.parseRule( rule, field, database, getAlias, message );\n\n        validators.push( defaultMessageValidator );\n      }\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( rules ) )\n    {\n      for (var ruleProperty in rules)\n      {\n        var ruleMessageOrData = rules[ ruleProperty ];\n\n        var ruleMessage = isObject( ruleMessageOrData ) ? ruleMessageOrData.message :\n          ( isString( ruleMessageOrData ) ? ruleMessageOrData : undefined );\n\n        var ruleInput = isObject( ruleMessageOrData ) && ruleMessageOrData.message ? ruleMessageOrData.input :\n          ( isString( ruleMessageOrData ) ? undefined : ruleMessageOrData );\n\n        var customMessageValidator = this.parseRule( ruleProperty, field, database, getAlias, ruleMessage || message, ruleInput );\n\n        validators.push( customMessageValidator );\n      }\n    }\n\n    return validators;\n  },\n\n  parseRule: function(rule, field, database, getAlias, message, input)\n  {\n    var colon = rule.indexOf( this.RuleSeparator );\n    var ruleName = colon === -1 ? rule : rule.substring( 0, colon );\n\n    if ( ruleName.charAt( 0 ) === '$' )\n    {\n      return this.customValidator( ruleName, field, database, getAlias, message );\n    }\n\n    var ruleParams = colon === -1 ? input : rule.substring( colon + 1 );\n    var validatorFactory = Validation.Rules[ ruleName ];\n\n    if ( !validatorFactory )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' is not a valid rule';\n    }\n\n    return validatorFactory( field, ruleParams, database, getAlias, message );\n  },\n\n  parseExpression: function(expr, database)\n  {\n    var parsers = Validation.Expressions;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < parsers.length; i++)\n    {\n      var parser = parsers[ i ];\n      var expressionFunction = parser( expr, database );\n\n      if ( isFunction( expressionFunction ) )\n      {\n        return expressionFunction; // (value, model)\n      }\n    }\n\n    return noop;\n  },\n\n  customValidator: function(functionName, field, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      var result = model[ functionName ]( value, getAlias, message, chain );\n\n      if ( isString( result ) )\n      {\n        chain.invalid( result );\n      }\n      else if ( result !== false )\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  }\n};\n\nValidation.Expression.date =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  var parsed = parseDate( expr );\n\n  if ( parsed !== false )\n  {\n    var parsedTime = parsed.getTime();\n\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      return parsedTime;\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\nValidation.Expression.field =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  if ( indexOf( database.fields, expr ) )\n  {\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      return model.$get( expr );\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\n\nvar RELATIVE_REGEX = /^([+-]\\d+(\\.\\d+)?)\\s*(.+)$/;\n\nvar RELATIVE_UNITS = {\n  ms: 1,\n  millisecond: 1,\n  milliseconds: 1,\n  s: 1000,\n  second: 1000,\n  seconds: 1000,\n  min: 1000 * 60,\n  mins: 1000 * 60,\n  minute: 1000 * 60,\n  minutes: 1000 * 60,\n  hr: 1000 * 60 * 60,\n  hour: 1000 * 60 * 60,\n  hours: 1000 * 60 * 60,\n  day: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24,\n  days: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24,\n  wk: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7,\n  week: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7,\n  weeks: 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 7,\n  month: ['getMonth', 'setMonth'],\n  months: ['getMonth', 'setMonth'],\n  yr: ['getFullYear', 'setFullYear'],\n  year: ['getFullYear', 'setFullYear'],\n  years: ['getFullYear', 'setFullYear']\n};\n\nValidation.Expression.relative =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  var parsed = RELATIVE_REGEX.exec( expr );\n\n  if ( parsed !== null )\n  {\n    var amount = parseFloat( parsed[ 1 ] );\n    var unit = parsed[ 3 ];\n    var unitScale = RELATIVE_UNITS[ unit ];\n\n    if ( !unitScale )\n    {\n      throw unit + ' is not a valid unit.';\n    }\n\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      var relative = new Date();\n\n      if ( isNumber( unitScale ) )\n      {\n        relative.setTime( relative.getTime() + unitScale * amount );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        var getter = unitScale[0];\n        var setter = unitScale[1];\n\n        relative[ setter ]( relative[ getter ]() + amount );\n      }\n\n      return relative.getTime();\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\nValidation.Expression.today =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  if ( expr === 'today' )\n  {\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      var today = new Date();\n\n      startOfDay( today );\n\n      return today.getTime();\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\nValidation.Expression.tomorrow =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  if ( expr === 'tomorrow' )\n  {\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      var tomorrow = new Date();\n\n      tomorrow.setDate( tomorrow.getDate() + 1 );\n      startOfDay( tomorrow );\n\n      return tomorrow.getTime();\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\nValidation.Expression.yesterday =\nValidation.Expressions.push(function(expr, database)\n{\n  if ( expr === 'yesterday' )\n  {\n    return function(value, model)\n    {\n      var yesterday = new Date();\n\n      yesterday.setDate( yesterday.getDate() - 1 );\n      startOfDay( yesterday );\n\n      return yesterday.getTime();\n    };\n  }\n}) - 1;\n\n// accepted\nValidation.Rules.accepted = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n{\n  checkNoParams( 'accepted', field, params );\n\n  var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'accepted', message );\n  var acceptable = Validation.Rules.accepted.acceptable;\n\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    var valueString = (value + '').toLowerCase();\n    var accepted = acceptable[ valueString ];\n\n    if ( !accepted )\n    {\n      chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n    }\n    else\n    {\n      chain.next();\n    }\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.accepted.message = '{$alias} has not been accepted.';\n\nValidation.Rules.accepted.acceptable =\n{\n  '1':    true,\n  'yes':  true,\n  'on':   true,\n  'y':    true,\n  'true': true\n};\n\n// contains:field,value\ncollectionRuleGenerator('contains',\n  '{$alias} does not contain an item whose {$matchAlias} equals {$matchValue}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, matchField, matchValue, equality)\n  {\n    return !value.contains(function isMatch(m)\n    {\n      return m !== model && equality( matchValue, m.$get( matchField ) );\n    });\n  }\n);\n\n// not_contains:field,value\ncollectionRuleGenerator('not_contains',\n  '{$alias} contains an item whose {$matchAlias} equals {$matchValue}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, matchField, matchValue, equality)\n  {\n    return value.contains(function isMatch(m)\n    {\n      return m !== model && equality( matchValue, m.$get( matchField ) );\n    });\n  }\n);\n\nfunction collectionRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires field & value arguments';\n    }\n\n    var matchField, matchValue, equality;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var comma = params.indexOf(',');\n\n      if ( comma === -1 )\n      {\n        throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires field & value arguments';\n      }\n\n      matchField = params.substring( 0, comma );\n      matchValue = params.substring( comma + 1 );\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      matchField = params[ 0 ];\n      matchValue = params[ 1 ];\n      equality = params[ 2 ];\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      matchField = params.field;\n      matchValue = params.value;\n      equality = params.equals;\n    }\n\n    if ( !isFunction( equality ) )\n    {\n      equality = equalsCompare;\n    }\n\n    if ( indexOf( database.fields, matchField ) === -1 )\n    {\n      throw matchField + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $matchField: matchField,\n      $matchAlias: getAlias( matchField ),\n      $matchValue: matchValue\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, matchField, matchValue, equality ) )\n      {\n        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\nValidation.Rules.validate = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n{\n  // message, models, validations\n  var messageOption = params || 'message';\n  var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'validate', message );\n\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    if ( isArray( value ) )\n    {\n      var invalid = new Collection();\n\n      for (var i = 0; i < value.length; i++)\n      {\n        var related = value[ i ];\n\n        if ( related && related.$validate && !related.$validate() )\n        {\n          invalid.push( related );\n        }\n      }\n\n      if ( invalid.length )\n      {\n        switch (messageOption)\n        {\n          case 'models':\n            chain.invalid( invalid );\n            break;\n          case 'validations':\n            chain.invalid( invalid.pluck( '$validations', '$$key' ) );\n            break;\n          default: // message\n            chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n            break;\n        }\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    }\n    else\n    {\n      chain.next();\n    }\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.validate.message = '{$alias} is not valid.';\n\n// after:today\ndateRuleGenerator('after',\n  '{$alias} must be after {$date}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, date) {\n    return value < endOfDay( date );\n  }\n);\n\n// after_on:tomorrow\ndateRuleGenerator('after_on',\n  '{$alias} must be after or equal to {$date}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, date) {\n    return value < date;\n  }\n);\n\n// before:yesterday\ndateRuleGenerator('before',\n  '{$alias} must be before {$date}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, date) {\n    return value > date;\n  }\n);\n\n// before_on:+2days\ndateRuleGenerator('before_on',\n  '{$alias} must be before or equal to {$date}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, date) {\n    return value > endOfDay( date );\n  }\n);\n\n// date\nruleGenerator('date_like',\n  '{$alias} must be a valid date.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {\n    var parsed = parseDate( value );\n    var invalid = parsed === false;\n    if ( !invalid ) {\n      chain.update( parsed.getTime() );\n    }\n    return invalid;\n  }\n);\n\nfunction dateRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a date expression argument';\n    }\n\n    var dateExpression;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      dateExpression = Validation.parseExpression( params, database );\n    }\n    else if ( isFunction( params ) )\n    {\n      dateExpression = params;\n    }\n    else\n    {\n      var parsed = parseDate( params );\n\n      if ( parsed !== false )\n      {\n        var parsedTime = parsed.getTime();\n\n        dateExpression = function()\n        {\n          return parsedTime;\n        };\n      }\n    }\n\n    if ( !dateExpression || dateExpression === noop )\n    {\n      throw params + ' is not a valid date expression for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $date: params\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      var parsed = parseDate( value );\n\n      if ( parsed !== false )\n      {\n        value = parsed.getTime();\n\n        var date = dateExpression( value, model );\n\n        if ( isNumber( date ) && isInvalid( value, date ) )\n        {\n          chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n        }\n        else\n        {\n          chain.next();\n        }\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n\n// required_if:X,Y,...\nfieldListRuleGenerator('required_if',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, field, values, map) {\n    var required = map[ model.$get( field ) ];\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// required_unless:X,Y,...\nfieldListRuleGenerator('required_unless',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, field, values, map) {\n    var required = !map[ model.$get( field ) ];\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\nfunction fieldListRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a field and list arguments';\n    }\n\n    var matchField, matchValues;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var parts = split( params, /(,)/, '\\\\' );\n\n      matchField = parts.shift();\n      matchValues = parts;\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      matchField = params.shift();\n      matchValues = params;\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      matchField = params.field;\n      matchValues = params.values;\n    }\n\n    if ( indexOf( database.fields, matchField ) === false )\n    {\n      throw matchField + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var list = joinFriendly( matchValues );\n    var extra = {\n      $params: params,\n      $matchField: matchField,\n      $matchAlias: getAlias( matchField ),\n      $list: list\n    };\n    var map = mapFromArray( matchValues, true );\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, matchField, matchValues, map ) )\n      {\n        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n// confirmed:X\nfieldsRuleGenerator('confirmed',\n  '{$alias} must match {$fieldAliases}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {\n    var confirmed = true;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)\n    {\n      if ( !equals( value, model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        confirmed = false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return !confirmed;\n  }\n);\n\n// different:X\nfieldsRuleGenerator('different',\n  '{$alias} must not match {$fieldAliases}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {\n    var different = false;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)\n    {\n      if ( !equals( value, model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        different = true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return !different;\n  }\n);\n\n// if_valid:X\nfieldsRuleGenerator('if_valid',\n  '',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {\n    var valid = true;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && valid; i++)\n    {\n      if ( model.$validations[ fields[ i ] ] )\n      {\n        valid = false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    if ( !valid )\n    {\n      chain.stop();\n    }\n\n    return false;\n  }\n);\n\n// The field under validation must be present only if any of the other specified fields are present.\n// required_with:X,Y,...\nfieldsRuleGenerator('required_with',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {\n    var required = false;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && !required; i++)\n    {\n      if ( !isEmpty( model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        required = true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// The field under validation must be present only if all of the other specified fields are present.\n// required_with_all:X,Y,...\nfieldsRuleGenerator('required_with_all',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {\n    var required = true;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && required; i++)\n    {\n      if ( isEmpty( model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        required = false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// The field under validation must be present only when any of the other specified fields are not present.\n// required_without:X,Y,...\nfieldsRuleGenerator('required_without',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {\n    var required = false;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && !required; i++)\n    {\n      if ( isEmpty( model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        required = true;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// The field under validation must be present only when all of the other specified fields are not present.\n// required_without_all:X,Y,...\nfieldsRuleGenerator('required_without_all',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {\n    var required = true;\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && required; i++)\n    {\n      if ( !isEmpty( model.$get( fields[ i ] ) ) )\n      {\n        required = false;\n      }\n    }\n\n    return required && isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\nfunction fieldsRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires an array of fields argument';\n    }\n\n    var fields = split( params, /(\\s*,\\s*)/, '\\\\' );\n\n    for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)\n    {\n      if ( indexOf( database.fields, fields[ i ] ) === -1 )\n      {\n        throw fields[ i ] + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n      }\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var fieldNames = joinFriendly( fields );\n    var fieldAliases = joinFriendly( fields, false, false, getAlias );\n    var extra = {\n      $fields: fieldNames,\n      $fieldAliases: fieldAliases\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, fields, chain ) )\n      {\n        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n// exists:X,Y\nforeignRuleGenerator('exists',\n  '{$alias} must match an existing {$matchAlias} in a {$class}',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, models, fieldName)\n  {\n    return !models.contains(function isDifferentMatch(m)\n    {\n      return m !== model && equals( value, m.$get( fieldName ) );\n    });\n  }\n);\n\n// unique:X,Y\nforeignRuleGenerator('unique',\n  '{$alias} must be a unique {$matchAlias} in a {$class}',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, models, fieldName)\n  {\n    return models.contains(function isDifferentMatch(m)\n    {\n      return m !== model && equals( value, m.$get( fieldName ) );\n    });\n  }\n);\n\n// 'ruleName'\n// 'ruleName:name'\n// 'ruleName:,field'\n// 'ruleName:name,field'\n// 'ruleName:name,field': '...'\n// 'ruleName': {input: {field: 'field', model: 'name'}, message: '...'}\n// 'ruleName': {input: {field: 'field', model: ModelClass}, message: '...'}\n// 'ruleName': {input: {field: 'field', models: [...]}, message: '...'}\n// 'ruleName': {field: 'field', model: 'name'}\n// 'ruleName': {field: 'field', model: ModelClass}\n// 'ruleName': {field: 'field', models: [...]}\nfunction foreignRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    var modelName, models, fieldName;\n\n    if ( !isValue( params ) || isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var parts = split( params || '', /(\\s*,\\s*)/, '\\\\' );\n      modelName = parts[0] || database.name;\n      fieldName = parts[1] || field;\n      models = null;\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      modelName = isString( params[0] ) ? params.shift() : database.name;\n      fieldName = isString( params[0] ) ? params.shift() : field;\n      models = new ModelCollection( database, params );\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      modelName = params.model || database.name;\n      fieldName = params.field || field;\n      models = params.models;\n    }\n\n    if ( !models )\n    {\n      if ( !modelName )\n      {\n        throw 'model, model class, or models is required for ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n      }\n\n      if ( isString( modelName ) )\n      {\n        Rekord.get( modelName ).success(function(modelClass)\n        {\n          models = modelClass.all();\n        });\n      }\n      else if ( isRekord( modelName ) )\n      {\n        models = modelName.all();\n      }\n    }\n\n    if ( indexOf( database.fields, fieldName ) === false )\n    {\n      throw fieldName + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $class: modelName,\n      $matchField: fieldName,\n      $matchAlias: getAlias( fieldName )\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      if ( models && isValue( value ) )\n      {\n        if ( isInvalid( value, model, models, fieldName ) )\n        {\n          chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n        }\n        else\n        {\n          chain.next();\n        }\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n// if:due_date:before:today|required\n\n// if all rules pass for the given field, continue with remaining rules\nsubRuleGenerator('if',\n  function isInvalid(invalidCount, totalCount) {\n    return invalidCount > 0;\n  }\n);\n\n// if any rules pass for the given field, continue with remaining rules\nsubRuleGenerator('if_any',\n  function isInvalid(invalidCount, totalCount) {\n    return invalidCount >= totalCount;\n  }\n);\n\n// if no rules pass for the given field, continue with remaining rules\nsubRuleGenerator('if_not',\n  function isInvalid(invalidCount, totalCount) {\n    return invalidCount < totalCount;\n  }\n);\n\n\n\nfunction subRuleGenerator(ruleName, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a validation rule argument';\n    }\n\n    var otherField, otherRules;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var colon = params.indexOf( ':' );\n\n      if ( colon === -1 )\n      {\n        throw params + ' is not a valid argument for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n      }\n\n      otherField = params.substring( 0, colon ) || field;\n      otherRules = params.substring( colon + 1 );\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      otherField = params.shift() || field;\n      otherRules = params;\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      otherField = params.field || field;\n      otherRules = params.rules;\n    }\n\n    if ( indexOf( database.fields, otherField ) === -1 )\n    {\n      throw otherField + ' is not a valid field for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    if ( !otherRules )\n    {\n      throw 'rules are required for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    var validators = Validation.parseRules( otherRules, otherField, database, getAlias );\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      var invalids = 0;\n      var chainCount = 0;\n\n      var onChainEnd = function(innerChain)\n      {\n        if (!innerChain.valid)\n        {\n          invalids++;\n        }\n\n        if (++chainCount === validators.length)\n        {\n          if ( isInvalid( invalids, chainCount ) )\n          {\n            chain.stop();\n          }\n          else\n          {\n            chain.next();\n          }\n        }\n      };\n\n      var testValue = otherField === field ? value : model.$get( otherField );\n\n      for (var i = 0; i < validators.length; i++)\n      {\n        var innerChain = new ValidationChain( model, otherField, [validators[ i ]], onChainEnd );\n\n        innerChain.start( testValue );\n      }\n    };\n  };\n}\n\n// in:X,Y,Z,...\nlistRuleGenerator('in',\n  '{$alias} must be one of {$list}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, inList)\n  {\n    return !inList( value, model );\n  }\n);\n\n// not_in:X,Y,Z,...\nlistRuleGenerator('not_in',\n  '{$alias} must not be one of {$list}.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, inList)\n  {\n    return inList( value, model );\n  }\n);\n\nfunction listRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a list argument';\n    }\n\n    var values, inList = false;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      values = split( params, /(,)/, '\\\\' );\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      values = params;\n    }\n    else if ( isFunction( params ) )\n    {\n      values = inList;\n    }\n\n    if ( inList !== false )\n    {\n      if ( !values || values.length === 0 )\n      {\n        throw params + ' is not a valid list of values for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n      }\n    }\n\n    if ( isPrimitiveArray( values ) )\n    {\n      var map = mapFromArray( values, true );\n\n      inList = function(value)\n      {\n        return map[ value ];\n      };\n    }\n    else\n    {\n      inList = function(value)\n      {\n        return indexOf( values, value, equals );\n      };\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var list = joinFriendly( values, 'or' );\n    var extra = {\n      $params: params,\n      $list: list\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      if ( isInvalid( value, model, inList ) )\n      {\n        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\n// between:3,10\nrangeRuleGenerator('between', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have between {$start} to {$end} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be between {$start} and {$end}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have between {$start} to {$end} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, start, end) {\n    return value < start || value > end;\n  }\n);\n\n// not_between\nrangeRuleGenerator('not_between', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must not have between {$start} to {$end} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must not be between {$start} and {$end}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must not have between {$start} to {$end} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, start, end) {\n    return value >= start && value <= end;\n  }\n);\n\nfunction rangeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    if ( !params )\n    {\n      throw ruleName + ' validation rule requires a range argument';\n    }\n\n    var start, end;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      var range = split( params, /(\\s*,\\s*)/, '\\\\' );\n\n      start = parseFloat( range[0] );\n      end = parseFloat( range[1] );\n    }\n    else if ( isArray( params ) )\n    {\n      start = params[ 0 ];\n      end = params[ 1 ];\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( params ) )\n    {\n      start = params.start;\n      end = params.end;\n    }\n\n    if ( isNaN( start ) || isNaN( end ) )\n    {\n      throw params + ' is not a valid range of numbers for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    if ( isString( message ) )\n    {\n      message = {\n        'string': message,\n        'number': message,\n        'object': message\n      };\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $start: start,\n      $end: end\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      var size = sizeof( value );\n      var type = typeof( value );\n      var typeMessage = messageTemplate[ type ];\n\n      if ( typeMessage && isInvalid( size, start, end ) )\n      {\n        extra.$size = size;\n\n        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessages;\n}\n\n\n\nregexRuleGenerator('alpha',\n  '{$alias} should only contain alphabetic characters.',\n    /^[a-zA-Z]*$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('alpha_dash',\n  '{$alias} should only contain alpha-numeric characters, dashes, and underscores.',\n  /^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]*$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('alpha_num',\n  '{$alias} should only contain alpha-numeric characters.',\n  /^[a-zA-Z0-9]*$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('email',\n  '{$alias} is not a valid email.',\n  /^.+@.+\\..+$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('url',\n  '{$alias} is not a valid URL.',\n  /^(https?:\\/\\/)?[-a-zA-Z0-9@:%._\\+~#=]{2,256}\\.[a-z]{2,6}\\b([-a-zA-Z0-9@:%_\\+.~#?&//=]*)$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('uri',\n  '{$alias} is not a valid URI.',\n  /^(\\w+:\\/\\/)?[-a-zA-Z0-9@:%._\\+~#=]{2,256}\\.[a-z]{2,6}\\b([-a-zA-Z0-9@:%_\\+.~#?&//=]*)$/\n);\n\nregexRuleGenerator('phone',\n  '{$alias} is not a valid phone number.',\n  /^1?\\W*([2-9][0-8][0-9])\\W*([2-9][0-9]{2})\\W*([0-9]{4})(\\se?x?t?(\\d*))?$/\n);\n\nfunction regexRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, regex)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    checkNoParams( ruleName, field, params );\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      if ( !regex.test( value ) )\n      {\n        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n\n      return value;\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessage;\n}\n\nValidation.Rules.regex = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n{\n  var regex;\n\n  if ( isString( params ) )\n  {\n    var parsed = /^\\/(.*)\\/([gmi]*)$/.exec( params );\n\n    if ( parsed )\n    {\n      regex = new RegExp( parsed[1], parsed[2] );\n    }\n  }\n  else if ( isRegExp( params ) )\n  {\n    regex = params;\n  }\n\n  if ( !regex )\n  {\n    throw params + ' is not a valid regular expression for the regex rule';\n  }\n\n  var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'regex', message );\n\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    if ( !regex.test( value ) )\n    {\n      chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );\n    }\n    else\n    {\n      chain.next();\n    }\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.regex.message = '{$alias} is not a valid value.';\n\n// required\nruleGenerator('required',\n  '{$alias} is required.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return isEmpty( value );\n  }\n);\n\n// min:3\nsizeRuleGenerator('min', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have a minimum of {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be at least {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have at least {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value < number;\n  }\n);\n\n// greater_than:0\nsizeRuleGenerator('greater_than', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have more than {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be greater than {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have more than {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value <= number;\n  }\n);\n\n// max:10\nsizeRuleGenerator('max', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have no more than {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be no more than {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have no more than {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value > number;\n  }\n);\n\n// less_than:5\nsizeRuleGenerator('less_than', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have less than {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must be less than {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have less than {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value >= number;\n  }\n);\n\n// equal:4.5\nsizeRuleGenerator('equal', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must have {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must equal {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must have {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value !== number;\n  }\n);\n\n// not_equal:0\nsizeRuleGenerator('not_equal', {\n    'string': '{$alias} must not have {$number} characters.',\n    'number': '{$alias} must not equal {$number}.',\n    'object': '{$alias} must not have {$number} items.'\n  },\n  function isInvalid(value, number) {\n    return value === number;\n  }\n);\n\nfunction sizeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)\n{\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ] = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)\n  {\n    var number;\n\n    if ( isString( params ) )\n    {\n      number = parseFloat( params );\n    }\n    else if ( isNumber( params ) )\n    {\n      number = params;\n    }\n\n    if ( isNaN( number ) )\n    {\n      throw '\"' + params + '\" is not a valid number for the ' + ruleName + ' rule';\n    }\n\n    if ( isString( message ) )\n    {\n      message = {\n        'string': message,\n        'number': message,\n        'object': message\n      };\n    }\n\n    var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );\n    var extra = {\n      $number: params\n    };\n\n    return function(value, model, chain)\n    {\n      var size = sizeof( value );\n      var type = typeof( value );\n      var typeMessage = messageTemplate[ type ];\n\n      if ( typeMessage && isInvalid( size, number ) )\n      {\n        extra.$size = size;\n\n        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );\n      }\n      else\n      {\n        chain.next();\n      }\n    };\n  };\n\n  Validation.Rules[ ruleName ].message = defaultMessages;\n}\n\n\nruleGenerator('array',\n  '{$alias} must be an array.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isArray( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('object',\n  '{$alias} must be an object.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isObject( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('string',\n  '{$alias} must be a string.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isString( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('number',\n  '{$alias} must be a number.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isNumber( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('boolean',\n  '{$alias} must be a true or false.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !isBoolean( value );\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('model',\n  '{$alias} must have a value.',\n  function isInvalid(value) {\n    return !(value instanceof Model);\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('whole',\n  '{$alias} must be a whole number.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {\n    var parsed = tryParseInt( value );\n    var numeric = parseFloat( value );\n    var invalid = !isNumber( parsed );\n    if ( !invalid ) {\n      invalid = Math.floor( parsed ) !== numeric;\n      if ( !invalid ) {\n        chain.update( parsed );\n      }\n    }\n    return invalid;\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('numeric',\n  '{$alias} must be numeric.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {\n    var parsed = tryParseFloat( value );\n    var invalid = !isNumber( parsed );\n    if ( !invalid ) {\n      chain.update( parsed );\n    }\n    return invalid;\n  }\n);\n\nruleGenerator('yesno',\n  '{$alias} must be a yes or no.',\n  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {\n    var mapped = Validation.Rules.yesno.map[ value ];\n    var invalid = !isBoolean( mapped );\n    if ( !invalid ) {\n      chain.update( mapped );\n    }\n    return invalid;\n  }\n);\n\nValidation.Rules.yesno.map =\n{\n  'true':   true,\n  't':      true,\n  'yes':    true,\n  'y':      true,\n  '1':      true,\n  'false':  false,\n  'f':      false,\n  'no':     false,\n  'n':      false,\n  '0':      false\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.abs = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n\n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      chain.update( Math.abs( value ) );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.apply = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    model.$set( field, value );\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.base64 = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    if ( global.btoa )\n    {\n      chain.update( global.btoa( value ) );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.ceil = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n\n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      chain.update( Math.ceil( value ) );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.endOfDay = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    chain.update( endOfDay( value ) );\n    \n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.filter = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    if ( isArray( value ) )\n    {\n      for (var i = value.length - 1; i >= 0; i--)\n      {\n        if ( !isValue( value[ i ] ) )\n        {\n          value.splice( i, 1 );\n        }\n      }\n\n      chain.update( value );\n    }\n    else if ( isObject( value ) )\n    {\n      for (var prop in value)\n      {\n        if ( !isValue( value[ prop ] ) )\n        {\n          delete value[ prop ];\n        }\n      }\n\n      chain.update( value );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.floor = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n\n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      chain.update( Math.floor( value ) );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.mod = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  var number = tryParseFloat( params );\n\n  if ( !isNumber( number ) )\n  {\n    throw '\"' + number + '\" is not a valid number for the mod rule.';\n  }\n\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n\n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      chain.update( value % number );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.null = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    model.$set( field, null );\n\n    chain.update( null );\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.round = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    value = tryParseFloat( value );\n\n    if ( isNumber( value ) )\n    {\n      chain.update( Math.round( value ) );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.startOfDay = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    chain.update( startOfDay( value ) );\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.stripEnts = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    if ( isString( value ) )\n    {\n      chain.update( value.replace( /&[a-z]+;/gi, '' ) );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.stripTags = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    if ( isString( value ) )\n    {\n      chain.update( value.replace( /<(?:.|\\n)*?>/gm, '' ) );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.trim = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  var trim = (function()\n  {\n    if ( String.prototype.trim )\n    {\n      return function(x) {\n        return x.trim();\n      };\n    }\n\n    var regex = /^[\\s\\uFEFF\\xA0]+|[\\s\\uFEFF\\xA0]+$/g;\n\n    return function(x)\n    {\n      return x.replace( regex, '' );\n    };\n\n  })();\n\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    if ( isString( value ) )\n    {\n      chain.update( trim( value ) );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\nValidation.Rules.unbase64 = function(field, params, database, alias, message)\n{\n  return function(value, model, chain)\n  {\n    if ( global.atob )\n    {\n      chain.update( global.atob( value ) );\n    }\n\n    chain.next();\n  };\n};\n\n\n  Rekord.Validation = Validation;\n\n  Rekord.ruleGenerator = ruleGenerator;\n  Rekord.rangeRuleGenerator = rangeRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.collectionRuleGenerator = collectionRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.dateRuleGenerator = dateRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.fieldListRuleGenerator = fieldListRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.fieldsRuleGenerator = fieldsRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.foreignRuleGenerator = foreignRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.subRuleGenerator = subRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.listRuleGenerator = listRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.regexRuleGenerator = regexRuleGenerator;\n  Rekord.sizeRuleGenerator = sizeRuleGenerator;\n\n  Rekord.joinFriendly = joinFriendly;\n  Rekord.tryParseFloat = tryParseFloat;\n  Rekord.tryParseInt = tryParseInt;\n  Rekord.startOfDay = startOfDay;\n  Rekord.endOfDay = endOfDay;\n  Rekord.determineMessage = determineMessage;\n  Rekord.mapFromArray = mapFromArray;\n  Rekord.checkNoParams = checkNoParams;\n  Rekord.generateMessage = generateMessage;\n\n  return Rekord;\n\n}));\n"],"sourceRoot":"/source/"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index cfb5d03..d80176c 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "rekord-validation",
-  "version": "1.4.4",
+  "version": "1.5.0",
   "description": "Advanced validation rules for rekord",
   "author": "Philip Diffenderfer",
   "license": "MIT",
@@ -32,6 +32,6 @@
     "merge-stream": "^1.0.0"
   },
   "dependencies": {
-    "rekord": "~1.4.0"
+    "rekord": "~1.5.0"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/header.js b/src/header.js
index 6fb27df..d5419bd 100644
--- a/src/header.js
+++ b/src/header.js
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
   var Promise = Rekord.Promise;
   var Collection = Rekord.Collection;
   var ModelCollection = Rekord.ModelCollection;
+  var Class = Rekord.Class;
 
   var isEmpty = Rekord.isEmpty;
   var isString = Rekord.isString;
@@ -53,6 +54,3 @@
   var format = Rekord.format;
 
   var parseDate = Rekord.parseDate;
-
-  var addMethod = Rekord.addMethod;
-  var replaceMethod = Rekord.replaceMethod;
diff --git a/src/lib/ValidationChain.js b/src/lib/ValidationChain.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aef5d94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/ValidationChain.js
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+
+function ValidationChain(model, field, validations, onEnd)
+{
+  this.model = model;
+  this.field = field;
+  this.validations = validations;
+  this.onEnd = onEnd;
+}
+
+Class.create( ValidationChain,
+{
+
+  reset: function(value)
+  {
+    this.value = value !== undefined ? value : this.model.$get( this.field );
+    this.updated = false;
+    this.valid = true;
+    this.message = '';
+    this.linkIndex = 0;
+  },
+
+  start: function(value)
+  {
+    this.reset( value );
+    this.call();
+  },
+
+  call: function()
+  {
+    this.validations[ this.linkIndex ]( this.value, this.model, this );
+  },
+
+  update: function(newValue)
+  {
+    this.value = newValue;
+    this.updated = true;
+
+    return this;
+  },
+
+  next: function()
+  {
+    var n = this.validations.length;
+
+    this.linkIndex++;
+
+    if (this.linkIndex === n)
+    {
+      this.onEnd( this );
+    }
+    else if (this.linkIndex < n)
+    {
+      this.call();
+    }
+
+    return this;
+  },
+
+  stop: function()
+  {
+    var n = this.validations.length;
+
+    if (this.linkIndex < n)
+    {
+      this.linkIndex = n - 1;
+      this.next();
+    }
+
+    return this;
+  },
+
+  invalid: function(message)
+  {
+    this.message = message;
+    this.valid = false;
+    this.stop();
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+});
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/accepted.js b/src/lib/rules/accepted.js
index 6464c98..0311e8d 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/accepted.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/accepted.js
@@ -6,17 +6,19 @@ Validation.Rules.accepted = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)
   var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'accepted', message );
   var acceptable = Validation.Rules.accepted.acceptable;
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     var valueString = (value + '').toLowerCase();
     var accepted = acceptable[ valueString ];
 
     if ( !accepted )
     {
-      setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+      chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      chain.next();
     }
-
-    return value;
   };
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/collection.js b/src/lib/rules/collection.js
index e2ef6de..eda3231 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/collection.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/collection.js
@@ -75,14 +75,16 @@ function collectionRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $matchValue: matchValue
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( isInvalid( value, model, matchField, matchValue, equality ) )
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ Validation.Rules.validate = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)
   var messageOption = params || 'message';
   var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'validate', message );
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( isArray( value ) )
     {
@@ -116,19 +118,25 @@ Validation.Rules.validate = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)
         switch (messageOption)
         {
           case 'models':
-            setMessage( invalid );
+            chain.invalid( invalid );
             break;
           case 'validations':
-            setMessage( invalid.pluck( '$validations', '$$key' ) );
+            chain.invalid( invalid.pluck( '$validations', '$$key' ) );
             break;
           default: // message
-            setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+            chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
             break;
         }
       }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
+      }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      chain.next();
     }
-
-    return value;
   };
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/dates.js b/src/lib/rules/dates.js
index 7980d1c..b82167a 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/dates.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/dates.js
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ dateRuleGenerator('before_on',
 // date
 ruleGenerator('date_like',
   '{$alias} must be a valid date.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {
     var parsed = parseDate( value );
     var invalid = parsed === false;
     if ( !invalid ) {
-      setValue( parsed.getTime() );
+      chain.update( parsed.getTime() );
     }
     return invalid;
   }
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ function dateRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $date: params
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       var parsed = parseDate( value );
 
@@ -99,11 +99,17 @@ function dateRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
 
         if ( isNumber( date ) && isInvalid( value, date ) )
         {
-          setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+          chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          chain.next();
         }
       }
-
-      return value;
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
+      }
     };
   };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/field_list.js b/src/lib/rules/field_list.js
index d35e390..2098694 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/field_list.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/field_list.js
@@ -63,14 +63,16 @@ function fieldListRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
     };
     var map = mapFromArray( matchValues, true );
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( isInvalid( value, model, matchField, matchValues, map ) )
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/fields.js b/src/lib/rules/fields.js
index bd8058e..006bef2 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/fields.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/fields.js
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // confirmed:X
 fieldsRuleGenerator('confirmed',
   '{$alias} must match {$fieldAliases}.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var confirmed = true;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('confirmed',
 // different:X
 fieldsRuleGenerator('different',
   '{$alias} must not match {$fieldAliases}.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var different = false;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length; i++)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('different',
 // if_valid:X
 fieldsRuleGenerator('if_valid',
   '',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var valid = true;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && valid; i++)
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('if_valid',
 
     if ( !valid )
     {
-      setValue( Validation.Stop );
+      chain.stop();
     }
 
     return false;
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('if_valid',
 // required_with:X,Y,...
 fieldsRuleGenerator('required_with',
   '{$alias} is required.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var required = false;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && !required; i++)
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('required_with',
 // required_with_all:X,Y,...
 fieldsRuleGenerator('required_with_all',
   '{$alias} is required.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var required = true;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && required; i++)
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('required_with_all',
 // required_without:X,Y,...
 fieldsRuleGenerator('required_without',
   '{$alias} is required.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var required = false;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && !required; i++)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ fieldsRuleGenerator('required_without',
 // required_without_all:X,Y,...
 fieldsRuleGenerator('required_without_all',
   '{$alias} is required.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, fields, chain) {
     var required = true;
 
     for (var i = 0; i < fields.length && required; i++)
@@ -160,19 +160,16 @@ function fieldsRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $fieldAliases: fieldAliases
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
-      function setValue( newValue )
+      if ( isInvalid( value, model, fields, chain ) )
       {
-        value = newValue;
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
       }
-
-      if ( isInvalid( value, model, fields, setValue ) )
+      else
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/foreign.js b/src/lib/rules/foreign.js
index fa4c4cb..0b18e20 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/foreign.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/foreign.js
@@ -91,17 +91,23 @@ function foreignRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $matchAlias: getAlias( fieldName )
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( models && isValue( value ) )
       {
         if ( isInvalid( value, model, models, fieldName ) )
         {
-          setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+          chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          chain.next();
         }
       }
-
-      return value;
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
+      }
     };
   };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/if.js b/src/lib/rules/if.js
index 0cc0a3f..42fb618 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/if.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/if.js
@@ -69,26 +69,39 @@ function subRuleGenerator(ruleName, isInvalid)
 
     var validators = Validation.parseRules( otherRules, otherField, database, getAlias );
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       var invalids = 0;
+      var chainCount = 0;
 
-      var setInvalid = function(message)
+      var onChainEnd = function(innerChain)
       {
-        if ( message )
+        if (!innerChain.valid)
         {
           invalids++;
         }
+
+        if (++chainCount === validators.length)
+        {
+          if ( isInvalid( invalids, chainCount ) )
+          {
+            chain.stop();
+          }
+          else
+          {
+            chain.next();
+          }
+        }
       };
 
       var testValue = otherField === field ? value : model.$get( otherField );
 
       for (var i = 0; i < validators.length; i++)
       {
-        validators[ i ]( testValue, model, setInvalid );
-      }
+        var innerChain = new ValidationChain( model, otherField, [validators[ i ]], onChainEnd );
 
-      return isInvalid( invalids, validators.length ) ? Validation.Stop : value;
+        innerChain.start( testValue );
+      }
     };
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/list.js b/src/lib/rules/list.js
index 9c8da32..69e39e3 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/list.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/list.js
@@ -72,14 +72,16 @@ function listRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
       $list: list
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( isInvalid( value, model, inList ) )
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/range.js b/src/lib/rules/range.js
index 8903186..aef1b77 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/range.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/range.js
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ function rangeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)
       $end: end
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       var size = sizeof( value );
       var type = typeof( value );
@@ -79,10 +79,12 @@ function rangeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)
       {
         extra.$size = size;
 
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/regex.js b/src/lib/rules/regex.js
index f81620e..12941a5 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/regex.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/regex.js
@@ -43,11 +43,15 @@ function regexRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, regex)
 
     var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       if ( !regex.test( value ) )
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
 
       return value;
@@ -82,14 +86,16 @@ Validation.Rules.regex = function(field, params, database, getAlias, message)
 
   var messageTemplate = determineMessage( 'regex', message );
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( !regex.test( value ) )
     {
-      setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+      chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      chain.next();
     }
-
-    return value;
   };
 };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/sizes.js b/src/lib/rules/sizes.js
index ffc7171..e95d7de 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/sizes.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/sizes.js
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ function sizeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)
       $number: params
     };
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
       var size = sizeof( value );
       var type = typeof( value );
@@ -108,10 +108,12 @@ function sizeRuleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessages, isInvalid)
       {
         extra.$size = size;
 
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, typeMessage, extra ) );
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/rules/types.js b/src/lib/rules/types.js
index 93de498..8461b21 100644
--- a/src/lib/rules/types.js
+++ b/src/lib/rules/types.js
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ ruleGenerator('model',
 
 ruleGenerator('whole',
   '{$alias} must be a whole number.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {
     var parsed = tryParseInt( value );
     var numeric = parseFloat( value );
     var invalid = !isNumber( parsed );
     if ( !invalid ) {
       invalid = Math.floor( parsed ) !== numeric;
       if ( !invalid ) {
-        setValue( parsed );
+        chain.update( parsed );
       }
     }
     return invalid;
@@ -59,11 +59,11 @@ ruleGenerator('whole',
 
 ruleGenerator('numeric',
   '{$alias} must be numeric.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {
     var parsed = tryParseFloat( value );
     var invalid = !isNumber( parsed );
     if ( !invalid ) {
-      setValue( parsed );
+      chain.update( parsed );
     }
     return invalid;
   }
@@ -71,11 +71,11 @@ ruleGenerator('numeric',
 
 ruleGenerator('yesno',
   '{$alias} must be a yes or no.',
-  function isInvalid(value, model, setValue) {
+  function isInvalid(value, model, chain) {
     var mapped = Validation.Rules.yesno.map[ value ];
     var invalid = !isBoolean( mapped );
     if ( !invalid ) {
-      setValue( mapped );
+      chain.update( mapped );
     }
     return invalid;
   }
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/abs.js b/src/lib/transforms/abs.js
index 20b56aa..c79245b 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/abs.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/abs.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 Validation.Rules.abs = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
 
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = Math.abs( value );
+      chain.update( Math.abs( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/apply.js b/src/lib/transforms/apply.js
index 5a8dd72..66fded3 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/apply.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/apply.js
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 Validation.Rules.apply = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     model.$set( field, value );
-    
-    return value;
+
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/base64.js b/src/lib/transforms/base64.js
index b173582..08eb74c 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/base64.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/base64.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 Validation.Rules.base64 = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( global.btoa )
     {
-      value = global.btoa( value );
+      chain.update( global.btoa( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/ceil.js b/src/lib/transforms/ceil.js
index f74324e..64cda45 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/ceil.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/ceil.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 Validation.Rules.ceil = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
-    
+
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = Math.ceil( value );
+      chain.update( Math.ceil( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/endOfDay.js b/src/lib/transforms/endOfDay.js
index 0afca54..592d8c7 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/endOfDay.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/endOfDay.js
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 Validation.Rules.endOfDay = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
-    return endOfDay( value );
+    chain.update( endOfDay( value ) );
+    
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/filter.js b/src/lib/transforms/filter.js
index 52db75e..efa4d8b 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/filter.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/filter.js
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Validation.Rules.filter = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( isArray( value ) )
     {
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ Validation.Rules.filter = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
           value.splice( i, 1 );
         }
       }
+
+      chain.update( value );
     }
     else if ( isObject( value ) )
     {
@@ -21,8 +23,10 @@ Validation.Rules.filter = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
           delete value[ prop ];
         }
       }
+
+      chain.update( value );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/floor.js b/src/lib/transforms/floor.js
index a978d21..793ab54 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/floor.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/floor.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 Validation.Rules.floor = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
-    
+
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = Math.floor( value );
+      chain.update( Math.floor( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/mod.js b/src/lib/transforms/mod.js
index 19d7d76..d086194 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/mod.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/mod.js
@@ -7,15 +7,15 @@ Validation.Rules.mod = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
     throw '"' + number + '" is not a valid number for the mod rule.';
   }
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
 
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = value % number;
+      chain.update( value % number );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/null.js b/src/lib/transforms/null.js
index 16e86fd..85739f2 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/null.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/null.js
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 Validation.Rules.null = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     model.$set( field, null );
 
-    return null;
+    chain.update( null );
+
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/round.js b/src/lib/transforms/round.js
index b5ecf56..d341266 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/round.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/round.js
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 Validation.Rules.round = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     value = tryParseFloat( value );
 
     if ( isNumber( value ) )
     {
-      value = Math.round( value );
+      chain.update( Math.round( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/startOfDay.js b/src/lib/transforms/startOfDay.js
index 560ff61..b7aa805 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/startOfDay.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/startOfDay.js
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 Validation.Rules.startOfDay = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
-    return startOfDay( value );
+    chain.update( startOfDay( value ) );
+
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/stripEnts.js b/src/lib/transforms/stripEnts.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6bfbbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/stripEnts.js
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Validation.Rules.stripEnts = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
+{
+  return function(value, model, chain)
+  {
+    if ( isString( value ) )
+    {
+      chain.update( value.replace( /&[a-z]+;/gi, '' ) );
+    }
+
+    chain.next();
+  };
+};
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/stripTags.js b/src/lib/transforms/stripTags.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6da984e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/stripTags.js
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Validation.Rules.stripTags = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
+{
+  return function(value, model, chain)
+  {
+    if ( isString( value ) )
+    {
+      chain.update( value.replace( /<(?:.|\n)*?>/gm, '' ) );
+    }
+
+    chain.next();
+  };
+};
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/trim.js b/src/lib/transforms/trim.js
index 71ff337..3b24f81 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/trim.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/trim.js
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ Validation.Rules.trim = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 
   })();
 
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( isString( value ) )
     {
-      value = trim( value );
+      chain.update( trim( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/transforms/unbase64.js b/src/lib/transforms/unbase64.js
index cd28603..19aa4b3 100644
--- a/src/lib/transforms/unbase64.js
+++ b/src/lib/transforms/unbase64.js
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 Validation.Rules.unbase64 = function(field, params, database, alias, message)
 {
-  return function(value, model, setMessage)
+  return function(value, model, chain)
   {
     if ( global.atob )
     {
-      value = global.atob( value );
+      chain.update( global.atob( value ) );
     }
 
-    return value;
+    chain.next();
   };
 };
diff --git a/src/lib/util.js b/src/lib/util.js
index 1cb2cd6..20bfd0f 100644
--- a/src/lib/util.js
+++ b/src/lib/util.js
@@ -58,19 +58,16 @@ function ruleGenerator(ruleName, defaultMessage, isInvalid)
 
     var messageTemplate = determineMessage( ruleName, message );
 
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
-      function setValue( newValue )
+      if ( isInvalid( value, model, chain ) )
       {
-        value = newValue;
+        chain.invalid( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
       }
-
-      if ( isInvalid( value, model, setValue ) )
+      else
       {
-        setMessage( generateMessage( field, getAlias( field ), value, model, messageTemplate ) );
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   };
 
diff --git a/src/lib/validation.js b/src/lib/validation.js
index 8f6cfee..62d5163 100644
--- a/src/lib/validation.js
+++ b/src/lib/validation.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Rekord.on( Rekord.Events.Plugins, function(model, db, options)
+Rekord.addPlugin(function(model, db, options)
 {
   var validation = options.validation || Database.Defaults.validation;
 
@@ -24,47 +24,56 @@ Rekord.on( Rekord.Events.Plugins, function(model, db, options)
     db.validations[ field ] = Validation.parseRules( rules[ field ], field, db, getAlias, messages[ field ] );
   }
 
-  addMethod( model.prototype, '$validate', function()
+  Class.method( model, '$validate', function(callback, context)
   {
-    var $this = this;
-
     this.$trigger( Model.Events.PreValidate, [this] );
 
     this.$valid = true;
     this.$validations = {};
     this.$validationMessages.length = 0;
 
-    for (var field in db.validations)
+    var chainEnds = 0;
+    var chains = [];
+
+    var onChainEnd = function(chain)
     {
-      var chain = db.validations[ field ];
-      var value = this.$get( field );
-      var fieldValid = true;
+      var model = chain.model;
 
-      var setMessage = function(message) // jshint ignore:line
+      if (!chain.valid)
       {
-        // Only accept for the first valid message
-        if ( message && fieldValid )
-        {
-          fieldValid = false;
-
-          $this.$validations[ field ] = message;
-          $this.$validationMessages.push( message );
-          $this.$valid = false;
-        }
-      };
+        model.$validations[ chain.field ] = chain.message;
+        model.$validationMessages.push( chain.message );
+        model.$valid = false;
+      }
 
-      for (var i = 0; i < chain.length && fieldValid && value !== Validation.Stop; i++)
+      if (++chainEnds === chains.length)
       {
-        value = chain[ i ]( value, this, setMessage );
+        model.$trigger( model.$valid ? Model.Events.ValidatePass : Model.Events.ValidateFail, [model] );
+
+        if ( isFunction( callback ) )
+        {
+          callback.call( context || model, model.$valid );
+        }
       }
+    };
+
+    for (var field in db.validations)
+    {
+      var validations = db.validations[ field ];
+      var chain = new ValidationChain( this, field, validations, onChainEnd );
+
+      chains.push( chain );
     }
 
-    this.$trigger( this.$valid ? Model.Events.ValidatePass : Model.Events.ValidateFail, [this] );
+    for (var i = 0; i < chains.length; i++)
+    {
+      chains[ i ].start();
+    }
 
     return this.$valid;
   });
 
-  replaceMethod( model.prototype, '$init', function($init)
+  Class.replace( model, '$init', function($init)
   {
     return function()
     {
@@ -78,7 +87,7 @@ Rekord.on( Rekord.Events.Plugins, function(model, db, options)
 
   if ( required )
   {
-    replaceMethod( model.prototype, '$save', function($save)
+    Class.replace( model, '$save', function($save)
     {
       return function()
       {
@@ -89,12 +98,25 @@ Rekord.on( Rekord.Events.Plugins, function(model, db, options)
           return Promise.resolve( this );
         }
 
-        if ( !this.$validate() )
-        {
-          return Promise.resolve( this );
-        }
+        var promise = new Rekord.Promise();
+        var modelInstance = this;
+        var args = arguments;
 
-        return $save.apply( this, arguments );
+        this.$validate(function(valid)
+        {
+          if (!valid)
+          {
+            promise.reject( modelInstance );
+          }
+          else
+          {
+            var saving = $save.apply( modelInstance, args );
+
+            saving.then( promise.resolve, promise.reject, promise.noline, promise.cancel, promise );
+          }
+        });
+
+        return promise;
       };
     });
   }
@@ -197,16 +219,18 @@ var Validation =
 
   customValidator: function(functionName, field, database, getAlias, message)
   {
-    return function(value, model, setMessage)
+    return function(value, model, chain)
     {
-      var result = model[ functionName ]( value, getAlias, message );
+      var result = model[ functionName ]( value, getAlias, message, chain );
 
       if ( isString( result ) )
       {
-        setMessage( result );
+        chain.invalid( result );
+      }
+      else if ( result !== false )
+      {
+        chain.next();
       }
-
-      return value;
     };
   }
 };
diff --git a/test/base.js b/test/base.js
index d2267db..a1d691d 100644
--- a/test/base.js
+++ b/test/base.js
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ function TestRest()
   this.status = 200;
   this.returnValue = false;
   this.delay = 0;
-  this.lastModel = this.lastRecord = this.lastOperation = null;
+  this.lastModel = this.lastRecord = this.lastOperation = this.lastOptions = null;
 }
 
 TestRest.prototype =
@@ -444,10 +444,11 @@ TestRest.prototype =
       if ( failure ) failure( returnedValue, status );
     }
   },
-  get: function(model, success, failure)
+  get: function(model, options, success, failure)
   {
     this.lastOperation = 'get';
     this.lastModel = model;
+    this.lastOptions = options;
 
     var map = this.map;
     function onGet()
@@ -462,11 +463,12 @@ TestRest.prototype =
 
     this.finishDelayed( onGet, failure, null );
   },
-  create: function(model, encoded, success, failure)
+  create: function(model, encoded, options, success, failure)
   {
     this.lastOperation = 'create';
     this.lastModel = model;
     this.lastRecord = encoded;
+    this.lastOptions = options;
 
     var map = this.map;
     function onCreate()
@@ -477,11 +479,12 @@ TestRest.prototype =
 
     this.finishDelayed( onCreate, failure, {} );
   },
-  update: function(model, encoded, success, failure)
+  update: function(model, encoded, options, success, failure)
   {
     this.lastOperation = 'update';
     this.lastModel = model;
     this.lastRecord = encoded;
+    this.lastOptions = options;
 
     var map = this.map;
     function onUpdate()
@@ -493,10 +496,11 @@ TestRest.prototype =
 
     this.finishDelayed( onUpdate, failure, {} );
   },
-  remove: function(model, success, failure)
+  remove: function(model, options, success, failure)
   {
     this.lastOperation = 'remove';
     this.lastModel = model;
+    this.lastOptions = options;
 
     var map = this.map;
     function onRemove()
@@ -507,15 +511,19 @@ TestRest.prototype =
 
     this.finishDelayed( onRemove, failure, {} );
   },
-  all: function(success, failure)
+  all: function(options, success, failure)
   {
     this.lastOperation = 'all';
+    this.lastOptions = options;
+
     this.finishDelayed( success, failure, this.map.values );
   },
-  query: function(url, data, success, failure)
+  query: function(url, data, options, success, failure)
   {
     this.lastOperation = 'query';
     this.lastRecord = data;
+    this.lastOptions = options;
+
     this.finishDelayed( success, failure, this.queries.get( url ) );
   }
 };
diff --git a/test/cases/rekord-validation.js b/test/cases/rekord-validation.js
index 16f6df1..e416387 100644
--- a/test/cases/rekord-validation.js
+++ b/test/cases/rekord-validation.js
@@ -372,46 +372,56 @@ test( 'rule after missing date', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_after_missing_date_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'after'
-        }
+  expect(2);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'after validation rule requires a date expression argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'after'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'after validation rule requires a date expression argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'after:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'after validation rule requires a date expression argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'after:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'after validation rule requires a date expression argument');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 test( 'rule after invalid date', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_after_invalid_date_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix,
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'after:NOTDATE'
-        }
+  expect(1);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'NOTDATE is not a valid date expression for the after rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix,
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'after:NOTDATE'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'NOTDATE is not a valid date expression for the after rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 test( 'rule after_on custom message', function(assert)
@@ -604,46 +614,56 @@ test( 'rule after_on missing date', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_after_on_missing_date_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'after_on'
-        }
+  expect(2);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'after_on validation rule requires a date expression argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'after_on'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'after_on validation rule requires a date expression argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'after_on:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'after_on validation rule requires a date expression argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'after_on:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'after_on validation rule requires a date expression argument');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 test( 'rule after_on invalid date', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_after_on_invalid_date_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix,
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'after_on:NOTDATE'
-        }
+  expect(1);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'NOTDATE is not a valid date expression for the after_on rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix,
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'after_on:NOTDATE'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'NOTDATE is not a valid date expression for the after_on rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 test( 'rule before custom message', function(assert)
@@ -836,46 +856,56 @@ test( 'rule before missing date', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_before_missing_date_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'before'
-        }
+  expect(2);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'before validation rule requires a date expression argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'before'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'before validation rule requires a date expression argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'before:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'before validation rule requires a date expression argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'before:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'before validation rule requires a date expression argument');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 test( 'rule before invalid date', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_before_invalid_date_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix,
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'before:NOTDATE'
-        }
+  expect(1);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'NOTDATE is not a valid date expression for the before rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix,
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'before:NOTDATE'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'NOTDATE is not a valid date expression for the before rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 test( 'rule before_on custom message', function(assert)
@@ -1068,46 +1098,56 @@ test( 'rule before_on missing date', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_before_on_missing_date_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'before_on'
-        }
+  expect(2);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'before_on validation rule requires a date expression argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'before_on'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'before_on validation rule requires a date expression argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'before_on:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'before_on validation rule requires a date expression argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'before_on:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'before_on validation rule requires a date expression argument');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 test( 'rule before_on invalid date', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_before_on_invalid_date_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix,
-      fields: ['due_date'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          due_date: 'before_on:NOTDATE'
-        }
+  expect(1);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'NOTDATE is not a valid date expression for the before_on rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix,
+    fields: ['due_date'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        due_date: 'before_on:NOTDATE'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'NOTDATE is not a valid date expression for the before_on rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 test( 'rule required custom message', function(assert)
@@ -1376,41 +1416,49 @@ test( 'rule min invalid arguments', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_min_invalid_arguments_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'min'
-        }
+  expect(3);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"undefined" is not a valid number for the min rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'min'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'min validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'min:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"" is not a valid number for the min rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'min:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'min validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'min:X'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"X" is not a valid number for the min rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'min:X'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X is not a valid number for the min rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 // rule min custom message
@@ -1514,41 +1562,49 @@ test( 'rule greater_than invalid arguments', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_greater_than_invalid_arguments_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'greater_than'
-        }
+  expect(3);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"undefined" is not a valid number for the greater_than rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'greater_than'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'greater_than validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'greater_than:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"" is not a valid number for the greater_than rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'greater_than:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'greater_than validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'greater_than:X'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"X" is not a valid number for the greater_than rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'greater_than:X'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X is not a valid number for the greater_than rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 // rule greater_than custom message
@@ -1653,41 +1709,49 @@ test( 'rule max invalid arguments', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_max_invalid_arguments_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'max'
-        }
+  expect(3);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"undefined" is not a valid number for the max rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'max'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'max validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'max:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"" is not a valid number for the max rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'max:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'max validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'max:X'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"X" is not a valid number for the max rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'max:X'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X is not a valid number for the max rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 // rule max custom message
@@ -1792,41 +1856,49 @@ test( 'rule less_than invalid arguments', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_less_than_invalid_arguments_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'less_than'
-        }
+  expect(3);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"undefined" is not a valid number for the less_than rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'less_than'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'less_than validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'less_than:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"" is not a valid number for the less_than rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'less_than:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'less_than validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'less_than:X'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"X" is not a valid number for the less_than rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'less_than:X'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X is not a valid number for the less_than rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 // rule less_than custom message
@@ -1931,41 +2003,49 @@ test( 'rule equal invalid arguments', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_equal_invalid_arguments_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'equal'
-        }
+  expect(3);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"undefined" is not a valid number for the equal rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'equal'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'equal validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'equal:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"" is not a valid number for the equal rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'equal:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'equal validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'equal:X'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"X" is not a valid number for the equal rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'equal:X'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X is not a valid number for the equal rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 // rule equal custom message
@@ -2070,41 +2150,49 @@ test( 'rule not_equal invalid arguments', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_not_equal_invalid_arguments_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'not_equal'
-        }
+  expect(3);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"undefined" is not a valid number for the not_equal rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'not_equal'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'not_equal validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'not_equal:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"" is not a valid number for the not_equal rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'not_equal:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'not_equal validation rule requires a number argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'not_equal:X'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '"X" is not a valid number for the not_equal rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'not_equal:X'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X is not a valid number for the not_equal rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 // rule not_equal custom message
@@ -2664,65 +2752,77 @@ test( 'rule between invalid arguments', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_between_invalid_arguments_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'between'
-        }
+  expect(5);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'between validation rule requires a range argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'between'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'between validation rule requires a range argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'between:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'between validation rule requires a range argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'between:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'between validation rule requires a range argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan,',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'between:X'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'X is not a valid range of numbers for the between rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan_',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'between:X'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X is not a valid range of numbers for the between rule');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan,num',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'between:X,3'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'X,3 is not a valid range of numbers for the between rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan_num',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'between:X,3'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X,3 is not a valid range of numbers for the between rule');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'num,nan',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'between:4,'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '4, is not a valid range of numbers for the between rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'num_nan',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'between:4,'
       }
-    });
-  }, '4, is not a valid range of numbers for the between rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 // rule between custom message
@@ -2962,65 +3062,77 @@ test( 'rule not_between invalid arguments', function(assert)
 {
   var prefix = 'rule_not_between_invalid_arguments_';
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'no_colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'not_between'
-        }
+  expect(5);
+
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'not_between validation rule requires a range argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'no_colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'not_between'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'not_between validation rule requires a range argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'colon',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'not_between:'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'not_between validation rule requires a range argument' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'colon',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'not_between:'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'not_between validation rule requires a range argument');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan,',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'not_between:X'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'X is not a valid range of numbers for the not_between rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan_',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'not_between:X'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X is not a valid range of numbers for the not_between rule');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'nan,num',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'not_between:X,3'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, 'X,3 is not a valid range of numbers for the not_between rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'nan_num',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'not_between:X,3'
       }
-    });
-  }, 'X,3 is not a valid range of numbers for the not_between rule');
+    }
+  });
 
-  throws(function() {
-    Rekord({
-      name: prefix + 'num,nan',
-      fields: ['count'],
-      validation: {
-        rules: {
-          count: 'not_between:4,'
-        }
+  Rekord.once( Rekord.Events.Error, function(ex) {
+    strictEqual( ex, '4, is not a valid range of numbers for the not_between rule' );
+  });
+
+  Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'num_nan',
+    fields: ['count'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        count: 'not_between:4,'
       }
-    });
-  }, '4, is not a valid range of numbers for the not_between rule');
+    }
+  });
 });
 
 // rule not_between custom message
@@ -6761,5 +6873,211 @@ test( 'transform null', function(assert)
   strictEqual( a.value, null );
 });
 
+test( 'async validation valid', function(assert)
+{
+  var done = assert.async();
+  var prefix = 'async_validation_valid_';
+
+  var Task = Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'task',
+    fields: ['value'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        value: '$isValid'
+      }
+    },
+    methods: {
+      $isValid: function(value, getAlias, message, chain) {
+        setTimeout(function() {
+          ok(true);
+          chain.next();
+        }, 10);
+        return false; // we'll handle calling next/invalid ourself
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  expect(3);
+
+  var a = Task.create({value: 'notnull'});
+
+  ok( a.$validate(function(valid) {
+    ok( valid );
+    done();
+  }));
+});
+
+test( 'async validation invalid', function(assert)
+{
+  var done = assert.async();
+  var prefix = 'async_validation_invalid_';
+
+  var Task = Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'task',
+    fields: ['value'],
+    validation: {
+      rules: {
+        value: '$isValid'
+      }
+    },
+    methods: {
+      $isValid: function(value, getAlias, message, chain) {
+        setTimeout(function() {
+          ok(true);
+          chain.invalid('NOPE');
+        }, 10);
+        return false; // we'll handle calling next/invalid ourself
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  expect(4);
+
+  var a = Task.create({value: 'notnull'});
+
+  ok( a.$validate(function(valid) {
+    notOk( valid );
+    strictEqual( a.$validations.value, 'NOPE' );
+    done();
+  }));
+});
+
+test( 'async validation save', function(assert)
+{
+  var done = assert.async();
+  var prefix = 'async_validation_save_';
+
+  var Task = Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'task',
+    fields: ['value'],
+    validation: {
+      required: true,
+      rules: {
+        value: '$isValid'
+      }
+    },
+    methods: {
+      $isValid: function(value, getAlias, message, chain) {
+        setTimeout(function() {
+          chain.next();
+        }, 10);
+        return false; // we'll handle calling next/invalid ourself
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  expect(3);
+
+  var t0 = new Task({value: 'meow'});
+
+  var p0 = t0.$save();
+
+  ok( p0.isPending() );
+
+  p0.success(function()
+  {
+    ok( t0.$isSaved() );
+    strictEqual( t0.$saved.value, 'meow' );
+    done();
+  });
+});
+
+test( 'async validation save fail', function(assert)
+{
+  var done = assert.async();
+  var prefix = 'async_validation_save_fail_';
+
+  var Task = Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'task',
+    fields: ['value'],
+    validation: {
+      required: true,
+      rules: {
+        value: '$isValid'
+      }
+    },
+    methods: {
+      $isValid: function(value, getAlias, message, chain) {
+        setTimeout(function() {
+          chain.invalid();
+        }, 10);
+        return false; // we'll handle calling next/invalid ourself
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  expect(3);
+
+  var t0 = new Task({value: 'meow'});
+
+  var p0 = t0.$save();
+
+  ok( p0.isPending() );
+
+  p0.failure(function()
+  {
+    notOk( t0.$isSaved() );
+    notOk( t0.$valid );
+    done();
+  });
+});
+
+test( 'stripTags', function(assert)
+{
+  var prefix = 'stripTags_';
 
-// transform null
+  var Task = Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'task',
+    fields: ['value'],
+    validation: {
+      required: true,
+      rules: {
+        value: 'stripTags|apply'
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  var t0 = Task.create({value: '<a href="http://google.com">Hello World!</a>'});
+
+  strictEqual( t0.value, 'Hello World!' );
+
+  var t1 = Task.create({value: '> Meow!'});
+
+  strictEqual( t1.value, '> Meow!' );
+
+  var t2 = Task.create({value: ' <a href="alert(\'Meow !\')">yo</a> <br><br>'});
+
+  strictEqual( t2.value, ' yo ' );
+
+  var t3 = Task.create({value: '<br><br>'});
+
+  strictEqual( t3.value, '' );
+
+  var t4 = Task.create({value: '<!-- Comment! -->yerp'});
+
+  strictEqual( t4.value, 'yerp' );
+});
+
+test( 'stripEnts', function(assert)
+{
+  var prefix = 'stripEnts_';
+
+  var Task = Rekord({
+    name: prefix + 'task',
+    fields: ['value'],
+    validation: {
+      required: true,
+      rules: {
+        value: 'stripEnts|apply'
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  var t0 = Task.create({value: 'Hello World!&gt;'});
+
+  strictEqual( t0.value, 'Hello World!' );
+
+  var t1 = Task.create({value: 'Meow! &nbsp;'});
+
+  strictEqual( t1.value, 'Meow! ' );
+});
diff --git a/test/index.html b/test/index.html
index 667c9d8..3fd0fd2 100644
--- a/test/index.html
+++ b/test/index.html
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
   <head>
 
     <!-- QUnit -->
-    <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.19.0.css">
-    <script src="http://code.jquery.com/qunit/qunit-1.19.0.js"></script>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../bower_components/qunit/qunit/qunit.css">
+    <script src="../bower_components/qunit/qunit/qunit.js"></script>
 
     <!-- Rekord -->
     <script src="../bower_components/rekord/build/rekord.js"></script>