hardware_soc.md

The System On Chip

Picking a SoC

When it comes to picking an SoC for a new Neotron model, the following are important criteria:

Mandatory (MUST):

• Use an ARMv6-M compatible core (i.e. any Arm Cortex-M)
• Generate digital RGB video at 25.175 MHz or 40 MHz, or some integer fraction thereof
  • Anything between 1-bit and 24-bits per pixel is acceptable.
  • VESA specify a 0.5% clock tolerance, so between 25.05 MHz and 25.3 MHz is OK
  • 40 MHz gives you 800x600 (and hence 400x600, 200x600, etc)
  • 25.175 MHz gives you 640x480 (and hence 320x480, 160x480, etc)
  • If you aren't performance sensitive (i.e. playing games), you could have off-chip video support implemented on a second processor, with a fast communications link (e.g. Quad SPI) between them
  • You can easily scan-double the output just by playing each line twice (or three times...)
• Have a four-wire UART, or an ARM Serial Wire Debug interface, for debug logging
• Have at least 256 KiB of memory for BIOS / OS code (in Flash or RAM)
• Have enough RAM to support the desired video modes (80x25 text mode is 4,000 bytes, while 800x600 @ 8bpp needs around 470 KiB)
• Have at least 64 KiB of free application RAM (ideally 256 KiB or more)
• Have an SPI Controller interface which can run at least 25 MHz
• Have 7 or more chip-select output pins
  • If you are limited on pins, you can use a 74LS138 3:8 decoder for the chip-selects
• Have 8 interrupt input pins
  • If you are limited on pins, you can use an MCP23S17 to mux 16 interrupts inputs down to 1
• Have an I²C Controller interface which can run at 400 kHz
• Have either an I²S audio codec interface, or stereo PWM audio output pins
• Have a ROM bootloader which can boot from UART, USB or SD Card
  • This is so home-made systems do not require an ARM debug probe for initial programming
• Have a footprint that is easy to professionally assemble on a simple 4-layer PCB without micro-vias, i.e. one of
  • 0.8mm+ pitch ball grid array (BGA) package
  • 0.5mm+ pitch quad flip-chip package (QFP), shrink small-outline package (SSOP) or small-outline IC (SOIC)
• Have 3.3V I/O
• Cost under $20 in one-off quantities
• Be available from mainstream catalog vendors (e.g. Digikey)

Desirable (SHOULD)

• Use an ARMv7-M compatible core (i.e. Arm Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, Cortex-M7 or Cortex-M33)
• Have at least one USB 2.0 Host or OTG port (High-Speed or Full-Speed)
• Has a footprint that is easy (or at least possible) to hand-assemble at home:
  • 0.8mm pitch QFP (e.g. 7x7mm QFP32)
  • 1.27mm pitch SOIC
• Takes a 3.3V power input which is internally regulated down to the desired core voltage
  • Where multiple rails are required, we either need relaxed requirements in sequencing, or an available PMIC chip which brings the rails up in the right order
• Be available from the JLCPCB Parts Catalog
• Supports additional external RAM (either SRAM, SDRAM or QSPI HyperRAM)

We've identified the following parts as meeting some or more of the above criteria:

Manuf.	Part Number	Core	Clock (MHz)	Package	RAM (K)	Flash (K)	Price (10 off)	Notes
ST	STM32L552ZET6	Cortex-M33	110	LQFP 144	256	512	£6.65	Supports HyperRAM, and TrustZone, and is low-cost
ST	STM32H730ZBT6	Cortex-M7	550	LQFP 144	564	128	£6.97	Great value due to small Flash. SPI SRAM support.
ST	STM32H7A3ZIT6	Cortex-M7	280	LQFP 144	1344	2048	£11.00	Big SRAM - might not need external RAM?
ST	STM32H743ZGT6	Cortex-M7	480	LQFP 144	1024	1024	£13.75	Cheapest H7 with 1 MiB SARM. No SPI SRAM support - will require SDRAM
TI	TM4C1299KCZADI3	Cortex-M4	120	VFBGA 212	256	512	£11.78	Poor value, but same family as Neotron-32
NXP	IMXRT1062DVJ6A	Cortex-M7	600	BGA 196	1024	External	£10.41	As used on Teensy 4.1. HyperRAM support.
Raspberry Pi	RP2040	2x Cortex-M0+	133 MHz	QFN 56	256	External	£0.85	Incredibly cheap. Cortex-M0 only supports ARMv6-M. No RAM upgrades

It is worth also considering the Lattice range of small, low-cost FPGAs, and loading an RISC-V soft-core like the VexRiscv.