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feat(day03): 新增 Day03 学习笔记
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‎day03/code/practice1.py‎

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"""
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英制单位英寸和公制单位厘米互换
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1英寸(in) = 2.54厘米(cm)
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输入：长度 value 与 单位 unit
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输出：另外一类的长度与单位
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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value = float(input("请输入长度："))
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unit = input("请输入单位：")
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# 如果输入的是厘米
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if unit == "cm" or unit == "厘米":
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output_value = value / 2.54
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print("%f 厘米 = %f 英寸" % (value, output_value))
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# 如果输入的是英寸
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elif unit == "in" or unit == "英寸":
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output_value = value * 2.54
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print("%f 英寸 = %f 厘米" % (value, output_value))
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# 输入的单位无效
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else:
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print("请输入有效单位")

‎day03/code/practice2-1.py‎

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"""
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掷骰子决定做什么事情
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摇出 1~6 的数字，判断要做什么事
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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from random import randint
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d = {1: "吃饭", 2: "睡觉", 3: "喵喵叫", 4: "汪汪叫", 5: "打豆豆", 6: "写代码"}
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# 产生 1-6 的随机数
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num = randint(1, 6)
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print(d[num])

‎day03/code/practice2.py‎

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"""
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掷骰子决定做什么事情
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摇出 1~6 的数字，判断要做什么事
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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from random import randint
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# 产生 1-6 的随机数
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num = randint(1, 6)
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if num == 1:
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res = "吃饭"
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elif num == 2:
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res = "睡觉"
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elif num == 3:
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res = "喵喵叫"
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elif num == 4:
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res = "汪汪叫"
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elif num == 5:
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res = "打豆豆"
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elif num == 6:
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res = "写代码"
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print(res)

‎day03/code/practice3.py‎

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"""
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百分制成绩转等级制成绩
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90分以上 --> A
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80分~89分 --> B
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70分~79分 --> C
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60分~69分 --> D
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60分以下 --> E
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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score = float(input("请输入成绩："))
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if score >= 90:
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grade = "A"
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elif score >= 80:
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grade = "B"
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elif score >= 70:
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grade = "C"
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elif score >= 60:
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grade = "D"
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else:
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grade = "E"
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print("成绩等级是：%s" % grade)

‎day03/code/practice4.py‎

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"""
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判断输入的边长能否构成三角形
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如果能则计算出三角形的周长和面积
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海伦公式：area = sqrt(p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c))
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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import math
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a = float(input("a = "))
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b = float(input("b = "))
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c = float(input("c = "))
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if a + b > c and a + c > b and b + c > a:
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p = a + b + c
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area = math.sqrt(p * (p - a) * (p - b) * (p - c))
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print("周长 = %.2f，面积 = %.2f" % (p, area))
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else:
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print("无法构成三角形")

‎day03/code/practice5.py‎

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"""
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输入月收入和五险一金计算个人所得税
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Version 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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salary = float(input("本月收入："))
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insurance = float(input("五险一金："))
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diff = salary - insurance - 5000
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if diff <= 0:
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rate = 0
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deduction = 0
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elif diff < 3000:
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rate = 0.03
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deduction = 0
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elif diff < 12000:
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rate = 0.1
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deduction = 210
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elif diff < 25000:
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rate = 0.2
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deduction = 1410
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elif diff < 35000:
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rate = 0.25
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deduction = 2660
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elif diff < 55000:
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rate = 0.3
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deduction = 4410
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elif diff < 80000:
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rate = 0.35
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deduction = 7160
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else:
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rate = 0.45
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deduction = 15160
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tax = abs(diff * rate - deduction)
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print('个人所得税: ￥%.2f元' % tax)
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print('实际到手收入: ￥%.2f元' % (diff + 5000 - tax))

‎day03/index.md‎

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# Day03 - 分支结构
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- Python 中使用 `elif` 而非像别的语言那样是 `elseif`
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- **Flat is better than nested**：尽量减少嵌套次数
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## 练习
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### 练习1：英制单位与公制单位互换
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```python
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"""
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英制单位英寸和公制单位厘米互换
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1英寸(in) = 2.54厘米(cm)
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输入：长度 value 与 单位 unit
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输出：另外一类的长度与单位
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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value = float(input("请输入长度："))
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unit = input("请输入单位：")
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# 如果输入的是厘米
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if unit == "cm" or unit == "厘米":
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output_value = value / 2.54
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print("%f 厘米 = %f 英寸" % (value, output_value))
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# 如果输入的是英寸
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elif unit == "in" or unit == "英寸":
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output_value = value * 2.54
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print("%f 英寸 = %f 厘米" % (value, output_value))
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# 输入的单位无效
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else:
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print("请输入有效单位")
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```
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注意点：判断输入的单位有效性
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### 练习2：掷骰子决定做什么
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```
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"""
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掷骰子决定做什么事情
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摇出 1~6 的数字，判断要做什么事
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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from random import randint
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# 产生 1-6 的随机数
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num = randint(1, 6)
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if num == 1:
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res = "吃饭"
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elif num == 2:
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res = "睡觉"
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elif num == 3:
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res = "喵喵叫"
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elif num == 4:
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res = "汪汪叫"
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elif num == 5:
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res = "打豆豆"
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elif num == 6:
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res = "写代码"
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print(res)
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```
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知识点：使用 `random` 模块的 `randint` 函数生成特定范围的随机数。
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`random` 常见函数如下：
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```python
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#!/usr/bin/python
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# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
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import random
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print( random.randint(1,10) ) # 产生 1 到 10 的一个整数型随机数
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print( random.random() ) # 产生 0 到 1 之间的随机浮点数
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print( random.uniform(1.1,5.4) ) # 产生 1.1 到 5.4 之间的随机浮点数，区间可以不是整数
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print( random.choice('tomorrow') ) # 从序列中随机选取一个元素
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print( random.randrange(1,100,2) ) # 生成从1到100的间隔为2的随机整数
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a=[1,3,5,6,7] # 将序列a中的元素顺序打乱
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random.shuffle(a)
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print(a)
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```
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这道题如果不属于分支结构分类的话，我可能会用字典来写：
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```python
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"""
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掷骰子决定做什么事情
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摇出 1~6 的数字，判断要做什么事
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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from random import randint
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d = {1: "吃饭", 2: "睡觉", 3: "喵喵叫", 4: "汪汪叫", 5: "打豆豆", 6: "写代码"}
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# 产生 1-6 的随机数
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num = randint(1, 6)
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print(d[num])
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```
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### 练习3：百分制成绩转等级制
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```python
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"""
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百分制成绩转等级制成绩
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90分以上 --> A
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80分~89分 --> B
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70分~79分 --> C
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60分~69分 --> D
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60分以下 --> E
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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score = float(input("请输入成绩："))
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if score >= 90:
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grade = "A"
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elif score >= 80:
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grade = "B"
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elif score >= 70:
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grade = "C"
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elif score >= 60:
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grade = "D"
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else:
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grade = "E"
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print("成绩等级是：%s" % grade)
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```
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### 练习4：输入三条边长如果能构成三角形就计算周长和面积
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```python
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"""
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判断输入的边长能否构成三角形
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如果能则计算出三角形的周长和面积
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海伦公式：area = sqrt(p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c))
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Version: 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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import math
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a = float(input("a = "))
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b = float(input("b = "))
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c = float(input("c = "))
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if a + b > c and a + c > b and b + c > a:
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p = a + b + c
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area = math.sqrt(p * (p - a) * (p - b) * (p - c))
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print("周长 = %.2f，面积 = %.2f" % (p, area))
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else:
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print("无法构成三角形")
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```
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完全忘记三角形面积怎么算了……😓然后复习了海伦公式……
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### 练习5：个人所得税计算器
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```python
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"""
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输入月收入和五险一金计算个人所得税
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Version 1.0.0
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Author: Jalan
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"""
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salary = float(input("本月收入："))
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insurance = float(input("五险一金："))
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diff = salary - insurance - 5000
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if diff <= 0:
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rate = 0
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deduction = 0
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elif diff < 3000:
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rate = 0.03
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deduction = 0
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elif diff < 12000:
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rate = 0.1
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deduction = 210
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elif diff < 25000:
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rate = 0.2
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deduction = 1410
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elif diff < 35000:
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rate = 0.25
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deduction = 2660
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elif diff < 55000:
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rate = 0.3
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deduction = 4410
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elif diff < 80000:
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rate = 0.35
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deduction = 7160
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else:
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rate = 0.45
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deduction = 15160
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tax = abs(diff * rate - deduction)
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print('个人所得税: ￥%.2f元' % tax)
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print('实际到手收入: ￥%.2f元' % (diff + 5000 - tax))
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```
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个税表可以参考：[2018年新版个税计算器（5000起征点）](http://www.chineseacc.com/tool/gsjsq/2018-07-31/2923.html)
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知识点：`abs()` 用于处理 `-0` 的问题

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