model.py

# Copyright Lightning AI. Licensed under the Apache License 2.0, see LICENSE file.

"""Full definition of a decoder-only transformer-based language model, all of it in this single file.

Based on the nanoGPT implementation: https://github.com/karpathy/nanoGPT and
https://github.com/EleutherAI/gpt-neox/tree/main/megatron/model.
"""

import math
from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple
from copy import deepcopy

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
from typing_extensions import Self

from lit_gpt.config import Config


class GPT(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        assert config.padded_vocab_size is not None
        self.config = config

        self.lm_head = nn.Linear(
            config.n_embd, config.padded_vocab_size, bias=config.lm_head_bias)
        self.transformer = nn.ModuleDict(
            dict(
                wte=nn.Embedding(config.padded_vocab_size, config.n_embd),
                h=nn.ModuleList(Block(config) for _ in range(config.n_layer)),
                ln_f=config.norm_class(config.n_embd, eps=config.norm_eps),
            )
        )
        self.max_seq_length = self.config.block_size
        self.mask_cache: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None

    @property
    def max_seq_length(self) -> int:
        return self._max_seq_length

    @max_seq_length.setter
    def max_seq_length(self, value: int) -> None:
        """
        When doing inference, the sequences used might be shorter than the model's context length.
        This allows setting a smaller number to avoid allocating unused memory
        """
        if value > self.config.block_size:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Cannot attend to {value}, block size is only {self.config.block_size}")
        self._max_seq_length = value
        if not hasattr(self, "cos"):
            # first call
            cos, sin = self.rope_cache()
            self.register_buffer("cos", cos, persistent=False)
            self.register_buffer("sin", sin, persistent=False)
        # overrides
        elif self.cos.device.type == "meta":
            self.cos, self.sin = self.rope_cache()
        elif value != self.cos.size(0):
            self.cos, self.sin = self.rope_cache(device=self.cos.device)
        # the mask and kv cache size will get updated on `set_kv_cache`. we cannot update it here because we don't know
        # if the kv cache is expected

    def patch_block(self, idx: int, **kwargs) -> None:
        """
        Replaces a block at idx with a new block created using a patched config.
        See lit_gpt/config.py::Config for available params.

        Example:
        >>> model.patch_block(10, rope_base=500)
        """
        old_block = self.transformer['h'][idx]
        config = deepcopy(old_block.config)
        config.__dict__.update({**kwargs})
        self.transformer['h'][idx] = Block(config)

    def reset_parameters(self) -> None:
        # Trigger resetting the rope-cache
        self.max_seq_length = self.config.block_size

    def _init_weights(self, module: nn.Module) -> None:
        """Meant to be used with `gpt.apply(gpt._init_weights)`."""
        if isinstance(module, nn.Linear):
            torch.nn.init.normal_(module.weight, mean=0.0, std=0.02)
            if module.bias is not None:
                torch.nn.init.zeros_(module.bias)
        elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding):
            torch.nn.init.normal_(module.weight, mean=0.0, std=0.02)

    def forward(self, idx: torch.Tensor, input_pos: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
        T = idx.size(1)
        if self.max_seq_length < T:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Cannot forward sequence of length {T}, max seq length is only {self.max_seq_length}.")

        if input_pos is not None:  # use the kv cache
            cos = self.cos.index_select(0, input_pos)
            sin = self.sin.index_select(0, input_pos)
            if self.mask_cache is None:
                raise TypeError("You need to call `gpt.set_kv_cache()`")
            mask = self.mask_cache.index_select(2, input_pos)
        else:
            cos = self.cos[:T]
            sin = self.sin[:T]
            mask = None

        # token embeddings of shape (b, t, n_embd)
        x = self.transformer.wte(idx)
        for block in self.transformer.h:
            x = block(x, cos, sin, mask, input_pos)
        x = self.transformer.ln_f(x)
        return self.lm_head(x)  # (b, t, vocab_size)

    @classmethod
    def from_name(cls, name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
        return cls(Config.from_name(name, **kwargs))

    def rope_cache(self, device: Optional[torch.device] = None) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        return build_rope_cache(
            seq_len=self.max_seq_length,
            n_elem=self.config.rope_n_elem,
            device=device,
            condense_ratio=self.config.rope_condense_ratio,
            base=self.config.rope_base,
        )

    def set_kv_cache(
        self,
        batch_size: int,
        rope_cache_length: Optional[int] = None,
        device: Optional[torch.device] = None,
        dtype: Optional[torch.dtype] = None,
    ) -> None:
        if rope_cache_length is None:
            rope_cache_length = self.cos.size(-1)
        max_seq_length = self.max_seq_length

        # initialize the kv cache for all blocks
        for block in self.transformer.h:
            block.attn.kv_cache = block.attn.build_kv_cache(
                batch_size, max_seq_length, rope_cache_length, device, dtype
            )

        if self.mask_cache is None or self.mask_cache.size(3) != max_seq_length:
            # passing `attn_mask` to SDPA disables the flash implementation. since we only need the mask
            # for the kv-cache support (only during inference), we only create it in that situation
            self.mask_cache = build_mask_cache(max_seq_length, device)

    def clear_kv_cache(self) -> None:
        self.mask_cache = None
        for block in self.transformer.h:
            block.attn.kv_cache = None


class Block(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.norm_1 = config.norm_class(config.n_embd, eps=config.norm_eps)
        self.attn = CausalSelfAttention(config)
        self.norm_2 = None if config.shared_attention_norm else config.norm_class(
            config.n_embd, eps=config.norm_eps)
        self.mlp = config.mlp_class(config)
        self.mlp_dropout = nn.Dropout(config.pdrop) if config.dropout else None

        self.config = config

    def forward(
        self,
        x: torch.Tensor,
        cos: torch.Tensor,
        sin: torch.Tensor,
        mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        input_pos: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        n_1 = self.norm_1(x)
        h = self.attn(n_1, cos, sin, mask, input_pos)
        if self.config.parallel_residual:
            n_2 = n_1 if self.config.shared_attention_norm else self.norm_2(x)
            x = self.mlp(n_2) + h + x
            if self.mlp_dropout: x = self.mlp_dropout(x)
        else:
            if self.config.shared_attention_norm:
                raise NotImplementedError(
                    "No checkpoint amongst the ones we support uses this configuration"
                    " (non-parallel residual and shared attention norm)."
                )
            x = h + x
            x2 = self.mlp(self.norm_2(x))
            x = self.mlp_dropout(x2) + x if self.mlp_dropout else x2 + x
        return x


class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        shape = (config.n_head + 2 * config.n_query_groups) * config.head_size
        # key, query, value projections for all heads, but in a batch
        self.attn = nn.Linear(config.n_embd, shape, bias=config.bias)
        # output projection
        self.proj = nn.Linear(config.n_embd, config.n_embd, bias=config.bias)
        # disabled by default
        self.kv_cache: Optional[KVCache] = None

        self.config = config

    def forward(
        self,
        x: torch.Tensor,
        cos: torch.Tensor,
        sin: torch.Tensor,
        mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
        input_pos: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        B, T, C = x.size()  # batch size, sequence length, embedding dimensionality (n_embd)

        qkv = self.attn(x)

        # assemble into a number of query groups to support MHA, MQA and GQA together (see `config.n_query_groups`)
        q_per_kv = self.config.n_head // self.config.n_query_groups
        total_qkv = q_per_kv + 2  # each group has 1+ queries, 1 key, and 1 value
        qkv = qkv.view(B, T, self.config.n_query_groups,
                       total_qkv, self.config.head_size)
        # (B, n_query_groups, total_qkv, T, hs)
        qkv = qkv.permute(0, 2, 3, 1, 4)

        # split batched computation into three
        q, k, v = qkv.split((q_per_kv, 1, 1), dim=2)

        # maybe repeat k and v if for the non multi-head attention cases
        # training: flash attention requires it
        # inference: multi-query would require a full kv cache so avoid it to limit its memory usage
        if self.config.n_query_groups != self.config.n_head and (input_pos is None or self.config.n_query_groups != 1):
            k = k.expand(B, self.config.n_query_groups,
                         q_per_kv, T, self.config.head_size)
            v = v.expand(B, self.config.n_query_groups,
                         q_per_kv, T, self.config.head_size)

        q = q.reshape(B, -1, T, self.config.head_size)  # (B, nh_q, T, hs)
        k = k.reshape(B, -1, T, self.config.head_size)  # (B, nh_k, T, hs)
        v = v.reshape(B, -1, T, self.config.head_size)  # (B, nh_v, T, hs)

        q_roped = apply_rope(q[..., : self.config.rope_n_elem], cos, sin)
        k_roped = apply_rope(k[..., : self.config.rope_n_elem], cos, sin)
        q = torch.cat((q_roped, q[..., self.config.rope_n_elem:]), dim=-1)
        k = torch.cat((k_roped, k[..., self.config.rope_n_elem:]), dim=-1)

        if input_pos is not None:
            if not isinstance(self.kv_cache, KVCache):
                raise TypeError("You need to call `gpt.set_kv_cache()`")
            k, v = self.kv_cache(input_pos, k, v)

        y = self.scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, mask)

        # re-assemble all head outputs side by side
        y = y.reshape(B, T, self.config.n_embd)

        # output projection
        return self.proj(y)

    def scaled_dot_product_attention(
        self, q: torch.Tensor, k: torch.Tensor, v: torch.Tensor, mask: Optional[torch.Tensor] = None
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        scale = 1.0 / math.sqrt(self.config.head_size)
        y = torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention(
            q, k, v, attn_mask=mask, dropout_p=0.0, scale=scale, is_causal=mask is None)
        return y.transpose(1, 2)

    def build_kv_cache(
        self,
        batch_size: int,
        max_seq_length: int,
        rope_cache_length: Optional[int] = None,
        device: Optional[torch.device] = None,
        dtype: Optional[torch.dtype] = None,
    ) -> "KVCache":
        heads = 1 if self.config.n_query_groups == 1 else self.config.n_head
        v_shape = (batch_size, heads, max_seq_length, self.config.head_size)
        if rope_cache_length is None:
            if self.config.rotary_percentage != 1.0:
                raise TypeError(
                    "Please pass the `rope_cache_length=gpt.cos.size(-1)` value")
            k_shape = v_shape
        else:
            k_shape = (
                batch_size,
                heads,
                max_seq_length,
                rope_cache_length + self.config.head_size - self.config.rope_n_elem,
            )
        return KVCache(k_shape, v_shape, device=device, dtype=dtype)


class GptNeoxMLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.fc = nn.Linear(
            config.n_embd, config.intermediate_size, bias=config.bias)
        self.proj = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size,
                              config.n_embd, bias=config.bias)

        self.config = config

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        x = self.fc(x)
        x = torch.nn.functional.gelu(
            x, approximate=self.config.gelu_approximate)
        return self.proj(x)


class LLaMAMLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.fc_1 = nn.Linear(
            config.n_embd, config.intermediate_size, bias=config.bias)
        self.fc_2 = nn.Linear(
            config.n_embd, config.intermediate_size, bias=config.bias)
        self.proj = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size,
                              config.n_embd, bias=config.bias)

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        x_fc_1 = self.fc_1(x)
        x_fc_2 = self.fc_2(x)
        x = torch.nn.functional.silu(x_fc_1) * x_fc_2
        return self.proj(x)


class LLaMAMoE(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.gate = nn.Linear(config.n_embd, config.n_expert, bias=False)
        self.experts = nn.ModuleList(LLaMAMLP(config)
                                     for _ in range(config.n_expert))

        self.config = config

    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
        """
        Derived from: https://github.com/mistralai/mistral-src/blob/b46d6/moe_one_file_ref.py#L203-L219
        See also figure 1 in https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.15841
        """
        B, T, C = x.size()  # batch size, sequence length, embedding dimensionality (n_embd)
        x = x.view(-1, C)  # (B*T, C)
        router = self.gate(x)  # (B*T, n_expert)
        # (B*T, n_expert_per_token)
        probs, indices = torch.topk(router, self.config.n_expert_per_token)
        probs = probs.softmax(dim=1, dtype=torch.float).to(dtype=x.dtype)
        masks = indices.unsqueeze(-1) == torch.arange(
            self.config.n_expert, device=x.device)
        masks = masks.permute(2, 0, 1)  # (n_expert, B*T, n_expert_per_token)
        y = torch.zeros_like(x)  # (B*T, C)
        for mask, expert in zip(masks, self.experts):
            token_idx, expert_idx = torch.where(mask)
            y[token_idx] += probs[token_idx, expert_idx, None] * \
                expert(x[token_idx])
        return y.view(B, T, C)


def build_rope_cache(
    seq_len: int, n_elem: int, device: Optional[torch.device] = None, base: int = 10000, condense_ratio: int = 1
) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """Enhanced Transformer with Rotary Position Embedding.

    Derived from: https://github.com/labmlai/annotated_deep_learning_paper_implementations/blob/master/labml_nn/
    transformers/rope/__init__.py. MIT License:
    https://github.com/labmlai/annotated_deep_learning_paper_implementations/blob/master/license.
    """
    # $\Theta = {\theta_i = 10000^{\frac{2(i-1)}{d}}, i \in [1, 2, ..., \frac{d}{2}]}$
    theta = 1.0 / \
        (base ** (torch.arange(0, n_elem, 2, device=device).float() / n_elem))

    # Create position indexes `[0, 1, ..., seq_len - 1]`
    seq_idx = torch.arange(seq_len, device=device) / condense_ratio

    # Calculate the product of position index and $\theta_i$
    idx_theta = torch.outer(seq_idx, theta).repeat(1, 2)

    return torch.cos(idx_theta), torch.sin(idx_theta)


def apply_rope(x: torch.Tensor, cos: torch.Tensor, sin: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
    head_size = x.size(-1)
    x1 = x[..., : head_size // 2]  # (B, nh, T, hs/2)
    x2 = x[..., head_size // 2:]  # (B, nh, T, hs/2)
    rotated = torch.cat((-x2, x1), dim=-1)  # (B, nh, T, hs)
    roped = (x * cos) + (rotated * sin)
    return roped.to(dtype=x.dtype)


class KVCache(nn.Module):
    def __init__(
        self,
        k_shape: Tuple[int, int, int, int],
        v_shape: Tuple[int, int, int, int],
        device: Optional[torch.device] = None,
        dtype: Optional[torch.dtype] = None,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.register_buffer("k", torch.zeros(
            k_shape, device=device, dtype=dtype), persistent=False)
        self.register_buffer("v", torch.zeros(
            v_shape, device=device, dtype=dtype), persistent=False)

    def forward(self, input_pos: torch.Tensor, k: torch.Tensor, v: torch.Tensor) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        # move the buffer to the activation dtype for when AMP is used
        self.k = self.k.to(k.dtype)
        self.v = self.v.to(v.dtype)
        # update the cache
        k = self.k.index_copy_(2, input_pos, k)
        v = self.v.index_copy_(2, input_pos, v)
        return k, v

    def reset_parameters(self) -> None:
        torch.nn.init.zeros_(self.k)
        torch.nn.init.zeros_(self.v)


def build_mask_cache(max_seq_length: int, device: Optional[torch.device] = None) -> torch.Tensor:
    ones = torch.ones((max_seq_length, max_seq_length),
                      device=device, dtype=torch.bool)
    return torch.tril(ones).unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0)