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Lvista

  1. 自我介绍:
    • 个人主页：lvista.site
    • 个人简介：学生，C，C++，C#，嵌入式，python
  2. 你认为你会完成本次残酷学习吗？ 会的。

Notes

TODO: Read https://inevitableeth.com/home/ethereum/world-computer
TODO: Figuring out the meaning of this roadmap or here

Links:

Description Links
Great speech vido https://archive.devcon.org/archive/

2025.02.06

今日任务：

Block Chain

See also: what-is-a-blockchain

以太坊是基于区块链的一种公有链.

从数据结构上来看，区块链通过首尾相接的“区块”来连接成“链”的，这种链的特点是， 由于每个节点包含前一个结点的信息（Hash Code），每个数据节点的变化会影响后面所有节点， 这样的特点使得数据的变化很容易被发现，从而保证了数据的强壮性。

See this vido about Blockchain:https://youtu.be/_160oMzblY8

从数据管理方式上来看，区块链是一种分布式帐本，通俗讲就相当于将一个公共帐本拆开，将每一页分给每个帐户，每条交易记录都分布在每个人手上， 这就避免了双重支出问题。 没错，就像peer-to-peer (P2P)一样，而Block chain正是由P2P进行管理的。

比如电子人民币就是典型的联盟链的应用。

下面这张表格很好的展示了以太坊的定位:

公有链 联盟链 私有链
参与者 不限 联盟成员 链的所有者
共识机制 PoW/PoS 分布式一致性算法 solo/pbft等
验证者 自愿提供算力或质押加密货币者 联盟成员协商确定 链的所有者
激励机制 需要 可选 无
去中心化
程度 较高 偏低 极低
如初特点 解决双重支付 效率和成本优化 安全性高、效率高
吞吐量 7笔/秒至数千笔/秒(TPS) <10万笔/秒(TPS) 视配置决定
应用领域 区块链游戏、非同质化代币、去中心化金融等 供应链管理、金融服务、医疗保健等 大型组织或私人企业之业务等
代表项目 比特币、以太坊 R3、 Hyperledger

The Prehistory and Philosophy of Ethereum

See also:

以太坊的理念源于类似Unix的免费和开源理念。开放的平台需要安全性，中立性和无信任性, 这成为了以太坊的核心课题。

以太坊的主要高级组成部分是执行层( Execution layer)和共识层(Consensus layer):

  • 执行层: Execution layer provides the execution engine, handles user transaction and all state (address, contract data)

简而言之就是提供算力

  • 共识层: implements the proof-of-stake mechanism ensuring security and fault tolerance

也就是保证数据的健壮，安全，可信

作为区块链的一种，以太坊的共识机制是权益证明

TODO: Lean about the consensus mechanisms

小结

区块链是一种去中心化的公共数据库，相对的中心化数据库就是各种互联网企业。

以太坊是一种公共区块链技术，主要由执行层和共识层构成， 执行层提供执行或者算力，共识层保证以太坊数据的健壮。

2025.02.07

Implementations and Development

  • client and node
    An implementation of the execution layer (EL) or consensus layer (CL) is called a client. A computer running this client and connecting to the network is called a node.

  • client diversity
    Ethereum client can be implemented in different language, which make it diverse. Here is the implementations list.

Testing

You can find some test tools from here

Coordination

Bitcoin

I think this video should been seen by everyone who try to develop Ethereum implementations after learning about the basic concept of Ethereum.

Bitcoin is a Cryptocurrency, the transaction of Bitcoin include the following factors:

  • Signature: To verify the owner of a request, not anyone else, verify the validity of the request.
  • Uniqueness: The transaction request is Uni , to avoid the [Dual spending issue] (# "Deducting once from Party A's account and adding to two Party B's accounts") So the Proof of Work comes on stage.

2025.02.08

Proof of work (PoW)

See also: https://youtu.be/_160oMzblY8?si=ySD7m-WXH__b5vlv and https://youtu.be/eEQ41gD0iC4?si=w5LNr1Va2oM2R0aX

A block of ledger is needed to be proofed for its validity, so making it less likely to be created is a good proof method.

An block chain is just like this(play it in here): block_chain

The hash code below is calculate(or called Mine, yes! it is the button below) based on the Data, Nonce, Block, Prev.

  • Data is the essence
  • Nonce is the specific num by mining, which makes Hash have multiple zeros starting with it, the more the zeros the greater the workload
  • Prev is the previous block's Hash, which included into the Mining in current block.
  • Block is just a num of block index

The "Hash with Zeros" and the Nonce are exactly the Proof of Work.

Why is PoW trustworthy

  1. Because of the "Chain", once a certain block in the middle is changed, all subsequent blocks will be changed, Moreover, there are many copy of ledger, the forged ledger will be overwhelmed by the correct version.
  2. Of cause, the latest block maybe untrustworthy, or perhaps the latest ledger you received was indeed forged by someone else, who mined out in the fastest time. But this won't last long, other miners will soon surpass it, and the ledger will return to its correct state.

Proof of stake

TODO

Gas

Gas is the fee of transaction

Gas and ETH

The unit of gas is wei, and Gas prices are usually quoted in gwei. $$ 1 gwei = 10^{-9} ETH $$ Gas fees calculating
$$ Gas;fees = units;of;gas;used * (base ;fee + priority;fee) $$

  • base fee is a value set by the protocol, which is finally to be burned and out of currency circulation.
  • priority fee is a value set by the user as a tip to the validator.

2025.02.09

An overview of Week2

See also: https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/nodes-and-clients/

Node

$\mathcal{def}$: A node is any instance of Ethereum client software that is connected to other computers also running Ethereum software, forming a network.

Node type:

  • light: only download block headers
  • full:
    • Stores full blockchain data (although this is periodically pruned so a full node does not store all state data back to genesis)
    • Participates in block validation, verifies all blocks and states.
    • All states can be either retrieved from local storage or regenerated from 'snapshots' by a full node.
    • Serves the network and provides data on request.
  • archive: full nodes that verify every block from genesis and never delete any of the downloaded data.

An Overview of the Ethereum Execution Layer

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sxBjSfmROc

The Ethereum system

  • The Ethereum System is divided into EL(execution layer Or compute layer) and CL(beacon chain)
  • Bynotify_new_payload(payload), CL do nothing! CL just sends the execution payloads(State updating query) to the EL.

Ethereum compute layer: the EVM

The EVM is just the core of the EL, EL include the other parts.

  • Two types of accounts:
    • EOA: the people's accounts.
    • contracts: the "bot".

Data associated with an account

Account state: persistent storage

  • Only valid in the contract.
  • The all data mentioned above is stored as an array(S[])
  • These array collectively define the status of the account and are stored in the Ethereum state tree through a Merkle tree structure.
  • Ethereum state tree only calc the non-zero cells.

2025.02.10

State transitions: Tx and messages

  • Simply, the Txs can be divided into four types, here is just an analog:
    • 人 to 人
    • 人 to bot
    • bot to 人
    • bot to bot
  • In the final analysis, the Txs only happen btw owned(people) and owned(people). contract is called by owned as well.

If it's just a Txs btw bots, then it's meaningless, isn't it?

State transitions: Tx and messages

The Ethereum blockchain: abstractly

  • accts: Accounts, the world state is a snapshot of the status of all accounts in the world
  • Tx: The Tx actions
  • log massages: show some characters about what the contract has done or what happened about Tx.

2025.02.11

An Example contract: NameSystem

A name system on Eth: [uniswap -> addr]

is a simplified ENS, like DNS

Need to support three operations:

  • Name.new(OwnerAddr, Name): intent to register
  • Name.update(Name, newVal, newOwner)
  • Name.lookup(Name)
contract nameSys{
    struct nameEntry{
        address owner;
        bytes32 value;
    }
    mapping(bytes32=> nameEntry) data;

    function nameNew(bytes32 name){
        //registration fee is 100 Wei
        if(data[name]==0 && msg.value >=100){
            data[name].owner = msg.sender
            emit Register(msg.sender, name)
        }
    }

    function nameUpdate(bytes32 name, 
                        bytes32 newValue, 
                        address newOwner) {
        // check if message is from domain owner,
        // and update cost of 10 Wei is paid
        if (data[name].owner == msg.sender && msg.value >= 10) {
            data[name].value = newValue; // record new value
            data[name].owner = newOwner; // record new owner
        }
    }

    function nameLookup(bytes32 name) {
        return data[name];
    }
}
  1. ⚠️ Here the nameNewfunc is unsafe, Anyone can use this function to peek into the database or steal certain names and resell them.
  2. The nameLookup is used by contracts, humans do not need this.(use etherscan.io)

EVM mechanics: execution environment

  • The EVM is Ethereum’s execution engine, ensuring that smart contracts run securely, in a decentralized, and deterministic manner, making it the backbone of DeFi, NFTs, and DApps.
  • EVM is compiled to bytecode
Function Description
Running Smart Contracts Interprets and executes Solidity, Vyper-based contracts
Decentralized Computing Executes on all Ethereum nodes, ensuring consistency
Transaction Processing Verifies transactions, updates balances and contract states
Maintaining Blockchain State Manages contract storage, account data, and logs
Gas Fee Management Prevents excessive computation, incentivizes validators
Security & Isolation Runs contracts in a safe environment to prevent exploits

Gas

  • Every instruction costs gas.
  • Different instruction costs different gas.(See https://www.evm.codes/)

    eg. SLOAD, SSTORE VS MLOAD, MSTORE, the former operate on blockchain(like disk), and the latter operate for single Tx(like RAM)

  • Tx fees (gas) prevents submitting Tx that runs for many steps.
  • During high load: block proposer chooses Tx from mempool that maximize its income.
  • Reducing on chain storage is advocated

Gas prices spike during congestion

Congestion can result in an increase in gas prices, which can bring more income for those block proposer.

EIP1559: How to figure out this congestion issue?

EIP1559, since8/2021, goal:

  • users incentivized to bid their true utility for posting Tx,
  • block proposer incentivized to not create fake Tx, and
  • disincentivize off chain agreements.

Links:

Title Year Authors
Transaction Fee Mechanism Design 2021 T. Roughgarden
Empirical Analysis of EIP-1559: Transaction Fees, Waiting Time, and Consensus Security 2023 Yulin Liu, et al.

2025.02.12

Proof of stake (PoS)

See also:

Slots and Epochs: the heartbeat to Ethereum’s consensus

  • Each slot is 12 seconds and an epoch is 32 slots: 6.4 minutes.
  • the index of each slot is start at 0
  • Every slots, one block is added when the system is running optimally
  • slots can be empty

Validators and Attestations

  • A block proposer is a validator that has been pseudorandomly selected to build a block.
  • Most of the time, validators are attesters that vote on blocks, just like a committee, with each person randomly sitting in power.
  • Validators is police each other and are rewarded for reporting other validators that make conflicting votes, or propose multiple blocks.
  • An attestation is a validator’s vote, weighted by the validator’s balance.
  • The validators not only broadcasts new blocks, but also Attestation to indicate their recognition of the block.

Beacon Chain is different from World State Chain!!!

2025.02.13

Stakers and Validators

  1. Stakers（质押者）： Stakers like "capitalist", wich mean those who holding "money".
    • Everyone can become a staker.
    • If you have ETH over 32, such as 55, you can stake all, the part of 32 is to activate one validator, and the remain is to activate another one. Of course, you will get the all reward from the 32-voted one, and get the part from the another one.
    • If you have ETH less than 32, you can also stake into a pool to activate a validator and get the part reward.
  2. Validators(验证者)： The only requirement to become a validator is the certain "money"(ETH)
    • You should become a staker before validator(Means that holding ETH in fact)

2025.02.14

Why is the committee set to 128 people

Minimum Committee Size Explained

See also: https://ethos.dev/beacon-chain

This photo is one from the article above.

  • A constant TARGET_COMMITTEE_SIZE of 128 is chosen as an approximate number of 111 because every constant in the specification is defined as a power of 2.
  • $\frac{1}{3}$：Supposing the rate of attackers😈 in all validators is $\frac{1}{3}$.
  • $k = [\frac{2}{3}n]$: k means the num of attackers😈 when a new committee with $n$ validators is chosen. The $\frac{2}{3}$ here does not means the rate of honest validators😇 in all validators($1-\frac{2}{3}$). In PoS of ethereum, it needs 2/3rd majority to attest and block on to the beacon chain.

2025.02.15